Education as an engine for economic, social and political transformation deserve more than casual planning. A carefully planned system of education ultimately proves to be more cost-effective, efficient and easier to operate than a haphazardly planned system. Effective planning of education becomes imperative especially in developing nation with limited natural and human resources that cannot be wasted on costly mistakes arising from planlessness. Educational planning is prompted by factors such as population growth in relation to educational opportunities and the demand for education, manpower needs, environmental or ecological considerations, cultural, social and economic changes, as well as communication needs among other factors. This means that educational planning in Nigeria, must take cognizance of the physical, social, economic and developmental priorities of the nation. The success of any system of education is hinged on proper planning and therefore calls for a judicious financial and administrative planning, taking into account other needs of the society. The paper is divided into four sections. Section one looks at the introduction and meaning of educational planning in Nigeria. Section two deals with types of educational planning in Nigeria. Three treats the educational planning constraints in Nigeria, while part four look at the recommendations, summary and conclusion.

This paper econometrically compares the perceived marginal tax rates and the actually computed marginal tax rates and tries to find out if consumers could accurately perceive the marginal tax rates. Econometrically, the paper highlights that sample selectivity operates through unobservable elements and their correlation with unobservables influencing the variable of primary interest. Sample selection bias will not arise purely because of difference in observable characteristics. Although our paper is illustrative, it highlights the generality of the issue and its relevance to many economic examples

The approach of evaluating the construct validity has little development in the past one hundred years. As the theory of EFA and CFA had been proposed and refined these years we can find that they are good methods to evaluating the construct validity. This paper give a concepts of construct validity firstly and then analyzed the shortcoming of existing methods of construct validity evaluating, then stated the traits of EFA and CFA, based on them we summarized that using EFA and CFA together is a good way to evaluating the construct validity.

A total of ninety (90) day-old unsexed broiler chickens averaging 50.0 grammes were utilized for the purpose of accessing their response to graded levels of urea treated rice offal. These were randomly allocated into 3 equal groups of 30 birds in each treatment replicated 3 times with each replicate having 10 birds. Three (3) diets designated I, II and III were formulated such that urea treated rice offal was included at 0, 7.5% and 15.0% respectively. The results show that there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in feed intake, weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization among birds fed the control diet and urea treated rice offal based diets. However, feed intake and weight gain were highest with birds fed 15.0% urea treated rice offal compared with those fed the control diet. Finally, feed cost per unit weight gain significantly improved (P<0.05) with birds fed the diet containing 15.0% urea treated rice offal compared with those fed other diets. However, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in feed cost per unit weight gain among birds fed the control diet and those fed the diet containing 7.5% urea treated rice offal. On the basis of the results obtained, it may be recommended that urea treated rice offal could be included at up to 15.0% of the diet of broiler chickens without any adverse effect on their performance.

The ultra wide band (UWB) circular microstrip antennas are devoloped and simulated for wide band communication applications.In these a circular radiating aperture is made available for broad band characteristics.The proposed antennas consists of the vertical and horizontal elements of L-type probe fixed at front and back portion of the substrate respectively.These antennas are excited by a microstrip line which is connected to a vertical component of the L-type probe and electromagnetically couples the signal to the horizontal component of the L-type probe.This new concept of placing a couple of triangular slots at the top of the antenna is proposed to enhance the bandwidth from 83.1% to 99.15% is achieved.

In this paper, an investigation with the application of Monte Carlo simulations to steadystate electron transport and low-field electron mobility characteristics of in bulk ZnO in the wurtzite crystal structure and its alloy Zn1-xMgxO with different doping of Mg, x=0.05, 0.1 and 0.2. The Monte Carlo calculations are carried out using a three-valley model for the systems under consideration. The following scattering mechanisms, i.e, impurity, polar optical phonon and acoustic phonon are included in the calculation. The maximum electron drift velocity that is obtained at room temperature for 1023 m-3 donor concentration is 1.97×107 cms-1 for ZnO in threshold field of 400 kV/cm. While the maximum electron drift velocity is 1.62×107 cms-1, 1.03×107 cms-1 and 0.43×10 7 cms-1 for Zn0.95Mg0.05O, Zn0.9Mg0.1O and Zn0.8Mg0.2O in threshold field 700 kV/cm respectively. It can be seen the peak drift velocity for bulk ZnO is 1.97×107cms-1, while for Zn1_xMgxO the peak drift velocity decreases due to increasing electron effective mass.

Image Compression addresses the problem of reducing the amount of data required to represent the digital image. Image compression and decompression are very popular processes in image processing. Image compression is a way in which the data to be transmitted are compressed into a smaller version and then transmitted. Compression is achieved by the removal of one or more of three basic data redundancies: (1) Coding redundancy, which is present when less than optimal (i.e. the smallest length) code words are used; (2) Interpixel redundancy, which results from correlations between the pixels of an image & (3) psycho visual redundancy which is due to data that is ignored by the human visual system. In order to be useful, a compression algorithm has a corresponding decompression algorithm that reproduces the original file once the compressed file is given. Image decompression is the reconstruction of the compressed data into its original form. As the image compression may suffer loss, the decompression also needs to be taken cared so that even if loss occurs, the reconstruction of the compressed image to its original form is possible. In this paper we present two algorithms which can be applied for compressed image reconstruction.

Introdution- This paper reviews Performance Based approach (also called Direct Displacement Design method) pier structures, and is built as an extension of the standards developed by POLA/POLB1. The paper reviews performance design of the pier structures supported on steel pipe piles with steel pipe “shear plug” connectors, and benefits of steel pipe sections for design of piers in regions with a moderate to high seismic activity.

The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of in-situ-formed monochloramine for the control of Legionella growth in a real cooling tower system. The cooling tower utilizes an industrial water (makeup) made of by blending industrial raw water and decarbonated raw water. A generator device injecting in-situ-formed monochloramine into the cooling system was installed. The detection of Legionella, heterotrophic plate count (HPC - 22°C) and continuous monitoring of oxidation reduction potential (ORP) were carried out to check the efficacy of monochloramine. Water samples were monthly collected for 6 months from the makeup, two collecting basins and the blow-down. Monochloramine was injected at 4 mg/L for 60 days to achieve a mean residual concentration of 0.145 mg/L in the blow-down. Over time, at the same pumping rates, a greater monochloramine residual was achieved so the dosage was decreased at 2.5 mg/L. L. pneumophila (SG 7-14) decreased from an initial load >10.000 cfu/L to undetectable levels and remained stable till the end of the experimental period while HPC decreased slowly (mean count <10.000 cfu/ml) after the first 60 days.

Purpose: The purpose of present study is mainly to understand organizational change initiatives taken in IT companies under study and to examine employees’ perception and their commitment towards their organizations. Design/methodology: The data was collected from 212 employees in 6 major IT companies in Northern India. The target population of the research included top, middle and junior employees of six major IT companies in Northern India. The questionnaire was used in order to collect the primary data. The stratified random sampling technique was used to choose the respondents. A structured questionnaire comprising of two sections was distributed to 1000 employees. A total of 212 questionnaires were collected with final responses.