Recent trends have shown that, cities of developing countries have been switching from one urban planning approach to another and this trend will continue. The methodology adopted involved a review of scondary data sources, interviews and analysis.The findings of this research present three areas of discourse. First, the demise and resurgence of conventional approaches is a worldwide recurring phenomena. Secondly, the switch/return to master planning approach in Dar es Salaam was premature and largely resulted from a misconception of the theory of paradigm shift. Thirdly, the claim that SUDP is ill-suited to guide the process of urban change, is more of a misleading generalization than a reality. The utility of SUDP has to be examined not only from practice but also from core theoretical and conceptual tenets, laws and procedures governing such an urban planning practice.

The study investigates the efficiency level of advertising through mobile phone and also explores the recent status, potentials and practices of advertisings through mobile phone in Bangladesh. The paper also measures the extent of advertising through the medium of mobile phone as new communication technology. A mobile phone ad, or mobile advertising, is a type of marketing that uses mobile phones to generate advertisements.1 By sending advertisements to cell phone users, a company can effectively reach billions of people. Advertising through MOBILE PHONE is a rapidly growing sector providing brands, agencies & marketers the opportunities to connect with the consumers beyond traditional and digital media and directly on their mobile phone. The explosive growth of wireless as a communication medium offering new advertisings opportunities and demanding the wireless become a new channel of the marketing communication mix. Mobile advertising has proven to be more efficient than Internet advertising, though the two are often compared.

Introduction: Chronic pancreatitis presents a significant problem to healthcare practitioners as it affects many areas of a patient’s health, including their physical, mental, and socioeconomic health. The Pancreatitis Quality of Life Instrument (PANQOLI) is the 1st instrument developed specifically to evaluate the quality of life of patients with chronic pancreatitis. This study compares a healthy control population with a chronic pancreatitis population using the PANQOLI to provide a normal distribution curve. Methods: 56 patients with chronic pancreatitis were given the PANQOLI and compared with 52 healthy individuals (consisting of medical students and residents) who also completed the PANQOLI. Subgroup analysis was also performed to compare smokers and non-smokers, as well as malnourished and non-malnourished patients.

Due to increase in energy demands and depletion of conventional and fossil fuels in Pakistan, search has been started for alternative reliable and abundant available fuel, therefore demand of renewable sources has increased. Biomass is renewable and efficient source and very helpful for overcoming the current situation of energy crisis in Pakistan. It is promising fuel for future as it is effective enough to be applied on small and medium industrial scale. The major motivation of this research is to analyze the economic feasibility of a Biomass gasifier for the production of electricity. Biomass gasification is the most reliable and promising method now a days for generation of electricity because this process provides sustainable & affordable alternative to fossil fuel based process plants at small and medium levels. From economic analysis it is concluded that biomass gasification technology is the most feasible technology if it is implemented in rural areas with an average population of 200 houses and in small industries.

This paper estimates the equilibrium real effective exchange rate for the Egyptian economy during the period (1974-2012). The paper reviews the evolution of Egypt’s exchange rate policy and the most significant developments of its real effective exchange rate during the same period. Using a behavioral equilibrium exchange rate (BEER) approach, it calculates the extent of real effective exchange rate misalignments in Egypt. There is evidence that the actual real effective exchange rate has deviated from the equilibrium real effective rate with various degrees during the estimation period. The Egyptian pound was overvalued before the launch of the ERSAP. The latter marked an undervaluation period that lasted till 1998. The findings indicate that the pound approached to its equilibrium level thereafter.

Organizations in the modern age are being challenged by many difficulties because of the rapid advancements in technology while using old and traditional techniques for the running of their processes. To increase the competitiveness of the organization and to improve the sustainability of the company,the concept of Business process re-engineering is being adopted which involves the radical redesign of process by tossing aside the existing ways and methods.The main objective of this case study is to explore the possibilities for improvement in the processes of Attock Petro;eum Limited(APL) such as supply chain management with the technique of business process reengineering as the traditional approach is affecting the performance of the company. Data has been collected through unstructured interviews from the engineering personnels in the company and from the company website.

This dissertation is about improvement of mobility and off-road capability of state-of-art robot vehicles. The overall structure is based on tracker and wheel-type complex driving design in order to achieve the effects of ground proximity and vibration prevention during movement of robot vehicle, while the integration of tracker cantilever mechanism will enhance the off-road mobility leading to much broader range of applications in terms of task assignments. Common vehicles can only travel on common roads and slow slopes such that the scope of application has been rather limited. In this experiment we will design and develop one set of vehicle assist cantilever mechanism with high adaptability based on structural analysis with respect to the scenario of usage such that the developed vehicle can pass through rocky roads with enhanced mobility and expanded scope of investigation. Since the vehicles for military and police must not be too heavy, we select aluminum alloy as the material for such mechanism in order to achieve light weight and high mobility. This kind of tracked vehicle is bound to greatly broaden the scope of application of land-based mobile platform with market potential and mass production technology. Vehicle robot can be directly applied to various purposes such as military and national defense, handling of explosives, chemical and biological attaches, and assaults of fortified buildings. It also leads to applications in various environments of heavy mechanical and electrical industries such as high temperature, high pressure, gas leak, high radiation, and high voltage factory environments. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment is to development vehicle robots for service of mankind in response to environmental demands.

This section deals with the applications of semigroups in general and regular semigroups in particular. The theory of semigroups attracts many algebraists due to their applications to automata theory, formal languages, network analogy etc. In section 2 we have seen different areas of applications of semigroups. We identified some examples in biology, sociology etc. whose semigroup structures are nothing but regular, E-inversive and inverse semigroup etc.

This paper concerned with basic concepts and some results on (idempotent) semigroup satisfying the identities of three variables. The motivation of taking three for the number of variables has come from the fact that many important identities on idempotent semigroups are written by three or fewer independent variables. We consider the semigroup satisfying the property abc = ac and prove that it is left semi-normal and right quasi-normal. Again an idempotent semigroup with an identity aba = ab and aba = ba (ab = a, ab = b) is always a semilattices and normal. An idempotent semigroup is normal if and only if it is both left quasi-normal and right quasi-normal. If a semigroup is rectangular then it is left and right semi-regular.

In this paper the mathematic model and kinematics of robotic arm are mainly analyzed. The robotic arm uses the Denavit Hartenberg (D-H) method to determine the parameters with transformation matrices. The direct kinematic analysis was conducted to determine the parameter of robotic arm by using Denavit Hartenberg (D-H) method. The calculated parameters of robotic arm were implemented by direct kinematics and compared with the measured parameter by rotary encoder to determine the accuracy of each parameter.