The process of the decolonizing Indian history, though seems to start with the independence of India in 1947, it actually originates in the high noon of colonialism in India in the middle of the nineteenth century. So, the present discussion begins with a prelude which contains the history of increasingly growth of conciousness among Indians which culminated in the development of nationalism among the largest section of the people. But in developing national view the interests of the minority, particularly Muslims, who form one of the most important constituents of the national economy of India, were not duly attended. Such situation led to the achievement of independence with a partition. After partition, the transformation from colonialism to decolonization began with a quest for establishing an idea of India. A constitution was adopted which insists on multitudinous democracy, unity in diversity, secularity with unlimited liberty of professing religion and social democracy with leniancy towards capitalism. With adoption of constitution the process of decolonozing the state and government was started by the Congress with commitment to socialism and secularism, but the populish design of the second generation leader of the congress transformed the ideologies of democracy as spent up forces as the leader themselves asserted to attain the position of dictator. However, the people rejected them but they manoeuvred to return playing majoritarian card. But after return, the third generation leader of the Congress indulged themselves in unlimited corruption which has been answered by the people by substituting them for Hindu majoritarian political organisation. Thus the decolonizing Indian history starts with an aim of attaining an idea of India continues through clashes between majoritarian principles and substantive democracy which sometimes causes to pay bloody tolls.

This paper examined the activities of the Boko Haram sect and how it has impeded the economic, political and social matrix of the Nigerian polity. The paper argued that the insurgence of the sect would continually be a national security challenge in-spite of the marginal lip-service of the government to curb the heinous activity. The paper relied more on secondary data-journals, magazines newspapers internet and the theoretical framework is Durkheim and Merton Anomie theory etc . The paper concluded that development cannot take place in an atmosphere of insecurity the symptoms of a failed state are made manifest on a daily basis in Nigeria such as poor governance, destruction of lives and properties, population displacement, lack of basic amenities. Hence, the Nigerian government has failed in its social responsibility to secure lives and properties of the populace. It recommends for collective and holistic machinery, not only by the Nigerian state, but also by the entire African nations and United States to curb not only Boko Haram insurgencies, but also any pockets of militia activity threatening the existence of the state. Also, the deployment of neighborhood watch (NW) would be a complimentary effort to the machinery of government to identify and locate the sect for such a time as this.

In our accelerated world people’s drinking habits have constantly been changing. From time to time new trends show up, and people follow them either consciously or unconsciously. In Hungary and in Austria healthy lifestyle is a trend which gradually comes into fashion. Is this really the case? To find this out, we questioned 150 students each at both universities. The task of the present research is to analyse, within the frames of an exploratory research, whether there is a difference between the health behaviour and the alcohol drinking habits of the students of Wirtschaftsuniversität in Vienna and those of Széchenyi István University in Győr.

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disease characterised by a state of chronic hyperglycemia. The biochemical process of Advanced Glycation appears to be enhanced in the Diabetes melieu as a result of not only hyperglycemia but also other stimuli such as oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The aim of the study is to establish a link between the oxidative stress induced by changes with protein carbonyl content and MDA damaging the RBC membrane composition in Type 2 DM in comparison to normal controls. The correlation of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Protein carbonyl levels in relation to control of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus based on HbA1C level indicate that there is an autooxidation of glucose which results in persistent production of malondialdehyde(MDA) and ROS which can release advance glycation end products (AGE) and advanced lipoxidation end products(ALE) along with increased carbonylation of proteins leading to protein damage, oxidative modification of aminoacid residues ,aminoacid fragmentation and increased proteolytic susceptibility. Protein carbonyl can be generated by via non specific oxidation of aminoacid by via nonspecific oxidation of aminoacid or via catalysed oxidation of specific aminoacid key to protein function by oxygen and glycation. A case control comparative study was done with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus and normal controls at BMCH & RC, chitradurga. According to the criteria, blood sample were collected under aseptic precautions and evaluation of fasting blood sugar, HbA1C, Protein carbonyl along with RBC membrane ghost preparation and estimation of malondialdehyde(MDA) were done. It was found that there was significant increase of protein carbonyl in serum of Type2 DM cases (1.20±0.08) in comparison to control groups (0.90±0.06) with a statistical significance of (p<0.001) along with Malondialdehyde (MDA) of RBC membrane which was also significantly increased (4.23±0.21) in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in comparison to normal control (3

In this paper we establish the concept of controllability and observability of time varying dynamical systems on measure chains. we obtain a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for the controllability and observability of Lyapunov type matrix dynamical system on measure chains.

These days mobile phones are ubiquitous with everyone and there is lot of craze for messanger applications. Researchers has oftenly found their students asking them “Do you use WhatsApp?” or “Are you on we chat?”. This tickled their mind and made them think how these mobile applications can help in education. This very thought triggered the first step to this research. During session 2013- 2014, 37 student of B.Ed. (Bachelors in Education) programme were selected. All the selected students were using smart phones and mobile application named ‘WhatsApp’. A WhatsApp group was created and students & teacher interacted with each other through it during 40 days teaching practice schedule. After the end of teaching practice schedule, students were asked to fill in the questionnaire on the experiences of WhatsApp m learning and for knowing their attitude towards it. For in depth analysis, Interviews of 10 randomly selected students’ was also taken. Findings of the study show that student find learning through WhatsApp very interesting and educationally useful. They found that their social interactivity with their peers and teacher has increased moreover they learned collaboratively. The attitude of the students toward WhatsApp m learning was favorable. The study also revealed that married students found learning through WhatsApp disruptive and that they prefer learning in traditional classroom as it does not collide with their family time.

Single zone heat release models can effectively be used to model diesel engine combustion process with acceptable degree of accuracy. These models are mainly depend on double Wiebe function which requires as many as six parameters in order to predict the heat release rate (HRR) accurately. However, Wiebe function does not look into the physical air fuel mixing process during the ignition delay (ID) which makes their predictions far from understanding the relation between the HRR and the physical interaction between air and fuel prior to combustion. Whitehouse and Way model covers the physical process since it deals with the mass of fuel injected and the partial pressure of oxygen in which the reaction rate is computed by an Arrhenius type expression. In this work, a strong relationship between HRR and air mass entrained during the ID has been shown. A new single zone heat release model based on Whitehouse and Way model for diesel engine has been developed in order to predict the HRR using standard diesel fuel. The new model has shown to give good results compared to experimental data.

This paper describes an algorithm for solving a certain class of bi-criteria multistage transportation problems with transshipment (BMTSP). A several bi-criteria multistage transportation problem with transshipment are formulated. The presented algorithm is mainly based on application of the methods of solving bi-criteria single stage transportation problems, utilizing available decomposition techniques for solving large-scale linear programming problems, and the methods of treating the transshipment problems. The mathematical formulation of the presented class does not affect the special structure of the transshipment problem for each of the individual stages. An illustrative example is introduced to validate that the implementation of the algorithm.

Background: Thyroid lesions are fairly common in and around Kolar town. This study was undertaken to study the various histomorphological types of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of the thyroid and to correlate these with respect to age and sex. Methods: All thyroid specimens received at the pathology Department of Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar during the period January 2000 to December 2004 were processed. A detailed histomorphological study was done. The histomosphological type was correlated with the age, sex and clinical presentation.Results: Total 120 cases of thyroid were studied. Most common age group affected was between 3rd and 5th decade. Females were predominantly affected. The non-neoplastic lesions reported in this study were thyroglossal duct cyst 1 case (0.83%), De Quervain thyroiditis 1 case (0.83%), Hashimoto thyroditis 11 cases (9.16%), colloid goiter 7 cases (5.83%), multinodular goiter 35 cases (29.16%), diffuse toxic goiter 2 cases (1.66%). Among neoplastic lesions follicular adenoma 43 cases (35.83%), atypical follicular adenoma one case (0.83%), papillary carcinoma classic variant 11 cases (9.16%), follicular variant of papillary carcinoma 7 cases (5.83%) and one case (0.83%) of medullary carcinoma.Conclusion: Total 120 thyroid lesions were studied in the present study out of this 57 cases were non-neoplastic and neoplastic were 63 cases. Sub–acute thyroiditis reported was 0.83%. Studies conducted by others range from 0.15% to 4.25%. Hashimoto thyroiditis reported was 9.16%. Other studies range from 4.25% to 5.68%. Colloid goiter reported was 5.83%. Reports of others range from 49.18% to 36%. Multinodular goiter reported was 29.16%. Other studies reported range from 3.19% to 18%. Diffuse toxic goiter reported was 1.66%. Other study reported incidence of 2.12%.

Admitting football as a fundamental element of the economy in capitalist society, we investigate the exploitation of its spectacle in the 1940s. Aiming primarily to stimulate consumption and identification of fans with their clubs, the cartoons of Jornal dos Sports here are analyzed to understand the economic dynamics around the sport. The clubs mascots created by cartoonist Lorenzo Molas would also appear on the advertisements. We will see then how far the concept of Alan Bryman, of "Disneyzation", can be found in the Brazilian case. We will look for traces of this process through thematization and merchandising.