The concepts of topological γ-transitive maps, α-transitive maps, γ-type chaotic and α-type chaotic maps were introduced by M. Nokhas Murad Kaki. In this paper, I study the relationship between two different notions of transitive maps, namely topological α- transitive maps, topological γ-transitive maps and investigate some of their properties in two topological spaces (X, τα) and (X, τγ), τα denotes the α–topology(resp. τγ denotes the γ–topology) of a given topological space (X, τ ).. The two notions are defined by using the concepts of α-irresolute map and γ-irresolute map respectively Also, we study the relationship between two new types of chaotic maps, namely, α-type chaotic maps and γ-chaotic maps, and I will prove that the properties of α- transitive, α-type chaotic are preserved under αr-conjugacy and γ-transitive, γ-chaotic maps are preserved under γr-conjugacy The main results are the following propositions: 1) Every topologically γ-type transitive map is a topologically α-type transitive map which implies topologically transitive map, but the converse not necessarily true.. 2) Every γ-type chaotic map is α-chaotic map which implies chaotic map in topological spaces, but the converse not necessarily true..

Following the globalization of financial markets, Taiwan opened up for security lendingin July 2007 to attract Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors (QFIIs) to participate in Taiwan’s equity markets. Based on the security lending data, this paper uses systematic trading and generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity model (EGARCH) to investigate the volatility of returns in Taiwan futures market. The evidence suggests that during the financial crisis, the leverage effect has declined due to the involvement of QFIIs in security lending. The Taiwan futures market has become more stabilized. Secondly, including the security lending data, we find that the leverage effect is the Granger cause of short selling by QFIIs. Finally, the MultiCharts program trading experimental results show that QFIIs are informed traders and the investment performance can be improved with the information of security lending.

Small-scale farming plays a crucial role in poverty alleviation and hunger reduction in line with the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG). New rice technology was introduced in Kenya in 2003 to boost production, fill up the national rice deficit and improve food security. However, anecdotal evidence suggests that the adoption of the new rice technology remains below targets. The main reason cited by farmers for laxity is financial constraints, which impedes infrastructural development and acquisition of necessary inputs and equipment. However, no comprehensive study has ever focused on the relationship between farmers’ profile and the outcome of formal credit requests. Consequently, this study was conducted to identify and explain factors influencing the outcome of applications for formal credit by small-scale rice farmers in Chakol Division of Teso District. Farmers were identified through registers compiled and maintained by the Lake Basin Development Authority (LBDA) and traced to their homes. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques were use to analyze the data. The study found that the outcome of applications for formal credit was significantly related to gender, marital status, education level, income, type of land tenure, land size, farming experience and number of previous credit requests. Furthermore, binary logistic regression models indicated that the outcome of formal credit requests was influenced by income level which accounted for the highest proportion of variance at 11.3 percent. This was followed by years of experience in rice farming (9.8%), education level (8.9%), land size (7.8%), gender (6.9%), land tenure (5.6%) and marital status (3.6%). The regression models explained up to 53.9 percent of variance in the outcome of credit requests by rice farmers. The study recommends the need: to inform farmers about existing credit products, interest rates and prequalification conditions, to help clear misconceptions and myths associate

This paper considers citizenship in a culturally diverse society throughethnography in the Israel Andalusian orchestra. The orchestra was established in 1994 in the immigrant city of Ashdod by the second generation of North African Jewish immigrants. The establishment of the Andalusian Orchestra looks, at first sight, like one more case of ethnic revival that one should explore as multicultural citizenship, but research shows that it does not fit into the multicultural mold. Thus, research that began as an exploration of multicultural citizenship turned into ethnography of the politics of classification in Israel. This paper offers an alternative way of thinking, analyzing citizenship in a polycultural society and focusing especially on the dialog between the state and different ethnic groups. This approach involves investigation not only into the second generation of immigrants in a modern city, but also into the concept of multiculturalism itself.

The authors try to develop methods accurate enough to evaluate the greenhouse gases on the basis of the available statistical data about the number of the animals, which could be applied not only in the formal country statistics but also in any poultry and pig production enterprise. The proposed methodology is universal and it could be a basis for designing and filling in electronic tables and visual programs (algorithms) for electronic processing and visualization of the summarized data. It could be used as a basis for synchronizing calculations of the greenhouse gas emissions from manure in pig and poultry breeding on a regional or international level.

This study was carried out with the objective to assess food security situation of Mukta Kamaiyas (former agriculture bonded-labourers) and to know their strategies to cope the food deficit. Two village development committees (VDCs), namely Kohalpur in Banke and Kalika in Bardiya districts respectively were purposively selected for the study. A random household survey with semi-structured questionnaire was carried out in 120 households thus each VDC having 60 households. The questionnaire consisted of basic household sojourn and food production situation. Simultaneously, focus group discussion (FGD) and Key Informant Interview were also made during the field survey. Only 4% households were food self-sufficient whilst the larger proportions (> 75% households) had less than three months food self-sufficiency. About 36% households were unable to meet the minimum daily calorie requirement (2,144 kcal/person/day) recommended for the terai region of Nepal. The food selfinsufficiency was more severe in Kohalpur due to smaller land size, and due to rather larger family size and more dependent family members than Kalika VDC, but, food security situation was slightly better than Kalika due to the trade based entitlements (wage labour and business opportunities etc). Wage labour is the most prominent source of income for securing household’s food demand in Mukta Kamaiyas. It was further supported by the other strategies like cash loan, food borrowing, cutting of meal, less preferred food eating and so on. So, improving labour productivity through skill development and employment generation and enterprising would help to promote income generation activities and to improve food security situation as well in long term. While in short term off-season vegetable farming, poultry and small livestock husbandry would be the better options for sustaining livelihood in the rural setting of Mukta Kamaiya villages.

Because industrialization is increasing the number of manufacturing facilities in traditionally rural agricultural areas globally, ground and surface waters with mixed fertilizer and industry contaminants must be considered. This work characterizes the effect of nitrates, phosphates, and chromates on the removal of phosphates and chromates from contaminated water via ion exchange with calcined hydrotalcite, an inexpensive, synthetic double layer hydroxide. Isotherms for single ion removal are compared with those for multi-ion solutions at contaminant levels typical for contaminated ground and surface waters. In addition, fixed effects statistical analysis of variance, PROC GLM (SAS Version 9) was used to analyze main and interactive effects for target anion removal and Least Significance Difference t-test and Tukey’s studentized range honest significant difference at α = 0.05 were used a multiple comparison procedures to determine significant mean difference in treatments. It was found that in a binary phosphate-chromate system, phosphate removal was only significantly reduced by higher chromate levels and this effect was magnified at higher phosphate levels. Chromate removal, on the other hand, was reduced at all phosphate levels. For the ternary system, phosphate removal was reduced by chromates, but not nitrates. However, the chromate-nitrate interaction was significant, as was the ternary interaction, particularly at higher phosphate levels. Chromate removal in the ternary system was impacted by the main effects for chromate, phosphate, and nitrate and also by all of the interactive effects. Hence, a multi-step ion exchange process would be required to remove all anions of concern in a mixed contaminant system.

Manufacturing is one of the most important contents on the economical plate in Guangzhou. Accelerating the adjustment of manufacturing structure and promoting its optimization and upgrade are the major strategic tasks to create a new version of economic transformation and upgrade in Guangzhou. In this paper, a single structure-DSSA (Dynamic Shift-Share Analysis) model has been proposed which collect the data from 2001 to 2011. Then we use this model to obtain the differences in data of industrial structure and discuss the dynamic change of manufacturing structure in Guangzhou during this period. Then it provide the conversion of direction and strategic selections which would further accelerate the adjustment of manufacturing structure and promote its optimization and upgrade in the future.

The spectroscopic characteristics of chromium soaps (butyrate and caprylate) in solid state were investigated by IR, X-ray diffraction and thermal measurements. The IR results reveal that the fatty acids exist in dimeric state through hydrogen bonding and soaps possess partial ionic character. The X-ray diffraction measurements were used to calculate the long spacings and the results confirm the double layer structure of chromium soaps. The decomposition reaction was found kinetically of zero order with energy of activation .275 and .180 kcal mol-1 for butyrate and caprylate, respectively.

the United Nations defines youth as all individualsaged between 15 and 24(Bennell, 2007).Thereare 1.2 billion youth between the ages of 15 and 24years that make up 18% of the world’s population. Ofthese, about 87% of these young people live indeveloping countries. For example, Africa alone hassome 200 million youth. Ethiopia has the largest youthpopulation in Sub-Saharan Africa. More than half of itspopulation is under the age of 25 and 20% are between15 and 24 (Nebil, Gezahegn and Hayat, 2010). The problem of youth unemploymentparticularly in urban areas has been a persistentconcern of politicians and policymakers since the1960s. Nonetheless, youth development has remainedat the margins of national development strategies inmost countries though there exists some growinginterest towards the youth. And still youth are sufferingfrom many untold problemsemanating fromunemployment which many called it ‘youth crisis’(Bennell, 2007). These authors added that the numberof unemployed youth world-wide has reached 88 millionand the number of young people looking for work inSub-Saharan Africa is expected to increase by 28% inthe next15 years – an additional 30 million people joiningthe pool of job seekers. In Burundi, Ethiopia, Nigeriaand Uganda, youth poverty exceeds 80%, whereas it ismuch lower in Ghana (Gyimah-Brempong and Kimeny,2013). In Ethiopia, in 2005, youth (15-24 years old)recorded a 7.8% unemployment rate, higher than anyother age group (Nebil, Gezahegn and Hayat, 2010).