Efficient mobility management techniques are critical to the success of next-generation wireless systems. Handoff management, which is one of the two basic functions of mobility management, has become more critical in fourth generation wireless networks which support multimedia services. The paper treats basic issues involved in handoff management aspect of general mobility management in wireless communication systems. The relevance of mobility management, handoff management, and general mobility management protocols are explained. The taxonomy of handoff mechanisms, causes of delays in handoffs, and security in handoff procedures are elicited. The paper concludes highlighting some open areas of research in providing seamless services.

Municipal solid waste management has emerged as one of the greatest challenges facing environmental protection agencies in developing countries. This paper presents a characterization study of the municipal solid waste generated in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria. The characteristics of the municipal solid waste were determined in terms of the components, average mass (kg) and percentage generated per district. It was found that 56.20%/52.0% of the solid waste generated in the area is made up of food/ petrucsible; rubber 10.20%/3.56%; paper 10.00%/ 12.46%; glass/ceramics 7.60%/1.42%; plastics 7.4%/2.85%; metals 2.60%/0.71% and other forms of waste 5.60%/25.62% (dust particle, Ash, stones) for wet and dry seasons respectively and the waste generation rates ranged from 0.59 to 0.79 kg/capita/day. The AEPB is faced with constraints like lack of institutional framework, inadequate budgetary provision, lack of institutional framework, inadequate bylaws and regulations and insufficient information on the quantity and composition of the solid waste. It is suggested that adequate financial provision, proper waste legislation, training and re-training of staffs and community full participation in waste management be encourage while formal composting and recycling facilities should be setup.

This study investigates rainfall and temperature variabilities in Nigeria using observations of air temperature (oC) and rainfall (mm) from 25 synoptic stations from 1971-2000 (30years). The data were analyzed for the occurrences of abrupt changes in temperature and rainfall values over Nigeria while temporal and spatial trends were also investigated. Statistical approach was deployed to determine the confidence levels, coefficients of kurtosis, skewness and coefficient of variations. Analysis of air temperature indicated that in the first decade of 1971-1980 anomalies between -0.2 and -1.6 were predominant, in the second decade of 1981-1990, only five stations (Lokoja, Kaduna, Bida, Bauchi and Warri) shows positive anomaly while greater portion of the country were normal with evidence of warming in the third decade of 1991-2000. Results further indicated that there have been statistically significant increases in precipitation and air temperature in vast majority of the country. Analyses of long time trends and decadal trends in the time series further suggest a sequence of alternately decreasing and increasing trends in mean annual precipitation and air temperature in Nigeria during the study period.

The article is an exposure to semiotic-symbolic peculiarities of object-based texts which are the definitions in school math, formulations (descriptions) of some facts and operational methods which are under study in secondary schools.

An approach is proposed that can be used to make these arch adaptive according to each user’s need using ontology .Our approach is distinct because it allows each user to perform more fine-grained search by capturing changes of each user’s preferences without any user effort. Such a method is not performed in typical search engines.

This paper shows partial results from a project research about Strategic Decision Making (SDM) of firms in different stages of the organizational life cycle. SDM has been studied in the context of the firms. However, there is not enough knowledge about how the entrepreneurs make strategic decisions when the firm is in a growth stage. The objective of this research was to examine the effects of specific factors associated with the decision maker influencing Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) and how the EO influences the firm´s performance. The results were achieved by using empirical data from 173 firms in the growth stage. The results show that SDM has an effect on EO, and that there is a significant relation between EO and firm performance. The paper concludes with a discussion about the results and suggestions for future research of this topic.

The contributions of science and technology to foster development in the world cannot be over emphasized. Thanks to the evolution and revolution of science and technology, the world has greatly achieved advancement in various sectors such as infrastructure, energy, industrial, health, education, communication, financial, entertainment, transport, agricultural, economic and environmental protection to name a few. While the growth of science and technology is pronounced in the western continents, the pace in Africa is slow. In addition to its contribution to development, science and technology is today a menace to man, the society and ecosystem. This paper highlights on the interdependence between sciences and technology for development with emphasize on the key contributing elements such as research, biomimetics, philosophy of science, communication, innovative fields and global partnership. Possible measures to manage the detrimental effects of science and technology in the society and promote those technologies which are paramount to ensure sustainable development are enumerated. The advancement of science and technology will only be achieved if Africans can change their mentality and lay emphasis on those key elements and measures that are of priority to development.

os tumores genitales femeninos representan una quinta parte de la totalidad existente de dicha enfermedad. El más frecuente es el de cérvix, que se ubica actualmente como el segundo cáncer más común en la población femenina mundial. La incidencia por Cáncer Cervicouterino (CCU) se encuentra en franco aumento alcanzando el 25% en el año 2006 y su incidencia varía por todo lo ancho de la geografía.1-3 Se ha destacado que la incidencia del Cáncer Cervicouterino varía de unas naciones a otras. Se observan tasas muy bajas en Israel y EEUU. La tasa de mortalidad en los países en desarrollo es dos veces la tasa de los países desarrollados. Anualmente mueren 231.000 mujeres por esta causa.3,4 En América Latina y El Caribe sus tasas de incidencia son elevadas y fallecen más de trescientas mil mujeres por esta enfermedad; las mayores incidencias se observan en Perú, Brasil, Paraguay, Colombia y Costa Rica; y se reportan tasas inferiores en Puerto Rico y Cuba.3

It is believed that a vacuum system designed for precise vacuum control will be much better from ample technical point of views with the convenience of better performance. Vacuum control valves are used for this purpose. These valves are mechanical devices employed to start, stop, fine control, adjust and maintain the required vacuum levels as well as for desired accurate flow rates of the process fluid in the vacuum system. As systems of various vacuum ranges are the requirement of different processes and research works, therefore the selection of such valves for diverse vacuum ranges is the matter of prime importance. Moreover, selection of the proper vacuum valve also involves a thorough knowledge of the process and processing fluid for which it will be used, the material of which it is made, in what geometry the valve is to fit and the size it must has to perform its designated task accordingly. Further more, the possible adverse occurrences that can take place in the system should also be observed for appropriate valve operation. In this paper

The so-called point Gräfenberg popularly known as "G-spot" corresponds to a vaginal area 1-2 cm wide, behind the pubis in intimate relationship with the anterior vaginal wall and around the urethra (complex clitoral) that when the woman is aroused becomes more sensitive than the rest of the vagina. Some women report that it is an erogenous area which, once stimulated, can lead to strong sexual arousal, intense orgasms and female ejaculation. Although the G-spot has been studied since the 40s, disagreement persists regarding the translation, localization and its existence as a distinct structure. Objective: Understand the operation and establish the anatomical points where the point G from embryology to adulthood. Methodology: A literature search in the electronic databases PubMed, Ovid, Elsevier, Interscience, EBSCO, Scopus, SciELO was performed. Results: descriptive articles and observational studies were reviewed which showed a significant number of patients. Conclusion: Sexual pleasure is a right we all have, and women must find a way to feel or experience orgasm as a possible experience of their sexuality, which necessitates effective stimulation