A new expression of the SN curve based on the concept of "weakest link" is proposed. It is a probabilistic model introducing a new parameter Nc, the number characteristic of cycles corresponding to the failure probability equal to 1. His confrontation with the terms of the curve most used SN, particular those Basquin, the Wöhler and the Stromeyer, the fatigue tests and martensite steels P22O 100C6 data provided errors of about 5% maximum for models Basquin, Wöhler and that proposed. Expression takes into account the volume of the Seine part of the test, which will help explain the number variations of cycles for a given level of stress. The search for a correlation relationship between the fatigue limit D and the breaking strength Rm will help prevent the fatigue life of the work-hardened materials.

The wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has been grown immensely in the past few decades. Researcher had proposed a number of routing protocols for WSN. WSN has two type of architecture layered and cluster architecture. We classify various clustering approaches based on different criterion in section [3]. Hierarchical Clustering protocols discussed in section [4] have extensively been used to achieve network scalability, energy efficiency and network lifetime. In this paper we discuss the challenges in design of WSN, advantages and objectives of clustering, various clustering approaches. We present a detailed survey on proposed clustering routing protocol in WSN literature.

Wireless Sensor Networks refers to a multi-hop packet based network that contains a set of mobile sensor nodes. Every node is free to travel separately on any route and can modify its links to other nodes. Therefore, the network is self organizing and adaptive networks which repeatedly changes its topology. The relations among nodes are restricted to their communication range, and teamwork with intermediate nodes is necessary for nodes to forward the packets to other sensor nodes beyond their communication range. The network’s broadcasting character and transmission medium help the attacker to interrupt network. An attacker can transform the routing protocol and interrupt the network operations through mechanisms such as selective forwarding, packet drops, and data fabrication. One of the serious routingdisruption attacks is Wormhole Attack. The main emphasis of this paper is to study wormhole attack, its detection method and the different techniques to prevent the network from these attack.

In the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2008- 2009, there has been an increased interest in the role of small and medium enterprises in job creation and economic growth. Changing industrial structures of developing economies in recent decades, the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) were playing a critical role in industrial development strategies of countries. Regarding the successful experience of newly developed economies, economists believe that private sector, particularly SMEs, is a significant factor in economic growth in developing countries. Researches show that these industries affect economic growth by entrepreneurship, innovation, and creating new job opportunities. As a result, SMEs have been concentrated in Iran in order to develop employment-making activities. This research study the relationship between SMEs and economic growth in Iran provinces by using mixed data during 2004- 2005 in the framework of augmented Solo growth model, and panel data method. Results show a positive and significant relationship between developing SMEs and economic growth, which indicates the importance of SMEs.

An integrated geophysical survey was carried out within the Precambrian Basement Complex of Omuo Comprehensive High School and its environ in Omuo-Ekiti, Ekiti State, South-west Nigeria to assess buildings in the area that are intensively affected by cracks resulting in structural instability. The geophysical methods adopted for the investigation are the Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM), Magnetic, 2-D electrical resistivity profiling using the dipole-dipole array and Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) using the Schlumberger array. The traverses were established E – W direction cutting across geologic strike. A total of five traverses were established with length ranging from 130 – 200m and of varying inter-traverse spacing. The station interval is 10m. Also, a total of thirty-five (35) VES stations were occupied covering the entire study area. The acquired data were processed and interpreted integrally to elucidate the shallow subsurface geology of the study area. The results were qualitatively and quantitatively interpreted and are presented as sounding curves and geo-electric sections. The magnetic interpretation shows relatively uneven bedrock topography with variable overburden thicknesses of between 5m – 15m. However, the VLF-EM results reveal ten (10) conductive zones which manifest as low resistivity zones in the generated geo-electric sections. The characteristic sounding curves obtained from the study area are H, HA, KH, HK, KHK, HAK and QH. The geo-electric sections reveal four subsurface layers which include: The topsoil, with resistivity values ranging from 104 – 4656 ohm-m and thickness of between 0.4 – 1.6 m. The weathered layer is characterized by resistivity values varying from 57 – 381 ohm-m and thicknesses of between 0.2 – 9.0 m. The fractured basements were identified beneath traverses 1, 2 and 5 with resistivity values of 109 - 709 ohm-m and depth range of 5.5 – 15.8m. The fresh basement has resistivity values of betwe

Background: The rate of revision following major limp amputations remains high despite the availability of a variety of methods to select amputation level. The purpose of this study was to outline the common indications, surgical management and outcome of revision surgery of major limb amputations in Khartoum teaching hospital, and to compare our experience with that of other published data. Methods: This is a prospective cross sectional hospital based study conducted in Khartoum teaching hospital (KTH) during the period November 2012 to January 2014. Results: A total of 62 patients required revision surgery for their major limb amputation were entered into the study. Their ageranged between 3-90 years with mean age of 47.35 years and standard deviation of 19.06 years. Males outnumbered females by a ratio of 2.8:1. Diabetes found in 34 patients (54.8%), hypertension in 22 (35.5%), and 8 patients (12.9%) had other comorbid diseases including cardiovascular disease and renal impairment. The most common cause of initial amputation was diabetes related sepsis (46.8%), followed by trauma (32.3%) and peripheral vascular disease (17.7%). Lower limbs were involved in 75.8% of cases and upper limbs in 24.2% of cases giving a lower limb to upper limb ratio of 3.12:1. Below knee amputation was the most common level performed (54.8%). There was one bilateral lower limb amputation. Most of the revision surgeries performed in the first six weeks after the amputation (87.7%). The most common indication for revision surgery was wound infection (53.2%). Other more frequent indications include prominent bone (19.4%), stump necrosis (11.3%), and fissuring & ulceration (9.7%). Less frequent indications include painful neuroma (3.2%) and prosthesis unfitting (3.2%). The most common revision procedures performed was wound debridement & secondary suture (25.8%), followed by skin grafting (22.6%), wedge resection (16.1%), muscle flap (9.7%), and excision of neuroma (3.2%). Reamputation was

Several studies on cereals destined for animal or human consumption in South Africa and Africa have shown co-contaminations of mycotoxins. There is evidence to suggest that the simultaneous action of different mycotoxins at various concentrations might have synergistic, inhibitive or additive effects on human and animal cells.The aims of this study were to identify combined cytotoxic effects of three of the more commonly occurring mycotoxins (aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) fumonisin B1 (FB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA)) found in South African and other feeds using the methyl thiazoltetrazolium (MTT) cytotoxicity assay, the Comet assay and Flow Cytometry to detect apoptotic and necrotic cells after exposure to the three toxins. Human mononuclear blood cells (mononucleocytes) were exposed to the three mycotoxins both singularlyand in combinations at two concentrations (5 and 40ng/ml for OTA and AFB1 and 5 and 40µg/ml for FB1) and at different exposure time of 12, 24 and 48Hours. Results obtained showed cell viability variations dependent on mycotoxin concentrations and time of exposure. In addition, synergistic effects were also observed at the higher doses of 40ng for OTA and AFB1) and 40µg/ml for FB1 of the three mycotoxins compared to combinations of lower doses. However, FB1 showed low cytotoxicity effect inducing inhibitive effect when combined with the other two mycotoxins. These results confirms the hypothesis of possibility of the three mycotoxins when combined induced with synergistic effect and imply that exposure to more than one mycotoxin might change the symptomatology and severity of effects observed during single intoxications by mycotoxins.

The primary aim of the study is to find out the significant mean difference in pay satisfaction among personal characteristics of the school teachers as gender, age, family size, subjects for teaching, educational qualification, work place and work experience. Further, secondary objective is to suggest the government authoritative bodies to enhance pay satisfaction, which will give the long term value to the Northern Province, Sri Lanka in terms of social, economical and political development. The study employs independent samples t- test and one-way ANOVA (f-test) to test the operational hypotheses. The survey method used in this study is a questionnaire and a total of 360 usable responses were obtained using simple random sampling technique. Findings revealed that, there is a significant mean difference in pay satisfaction among family size, subjects for teaching, educational qualification and working experience.In contrast, we found that, there is no significant mean difference in pay satisfaction among gender, age level and work place. Further, we suggested that, When the drafts on policies in terms of the pay structure and administration of the school teachers especially in the northern part of the Sri Lanka are initiated or designed, governmental bodies like ministry of education should consider the differences in the level of pay satisfaction among personal characteristics. This study would hopefully benefit to the academicians, researchers, policy makers, and practitioners of Sri Lanka as well as other countries.

With the improvement of material life, more and more people care about physical and mental health, and engage in leisure sports consumption. Leisure sports gradually walk up to industrialization with good development trend. Compared with developed countries, leisure sports industry in China is still in infancy. Firstly, this paper described the existing problems in the development ofleisure sports industry in China. Secondly, according to these problems, it proposed the corresponding solutions to accelerate the promotion and population of leisure sports industry in China.

Intestinal atresia has been reported as a congenital defect in all species of domestic animals (Van Der Gass and Tibboel, 1980). The congenital abnormalities of the anus and rectum are common in young ones. (Nixon,1972. Drey fuss and Tulleners. 1989 and Parrah et al., 2004 & 2005). Various surgical techniques have been used to correct atresia ani and ectopic rectum in domestic animals (Singh, 1989 and Jubb et al., 1993). This report communicates a case of atresia ani and ectopic rectum in a male kid, which was treated successfully by surgical intervention.