The conceptual framework of neoclassical economics has been quite stable over the years while present challenges point in the direction of a need for new thinking and a new conceptual framework. Neoclassical economics is more or less blind to equality issues and not enough to deal constructively with present unsustainable trends. I will suggest important elements of such a new conceptual framework as part of a pluralistic understanding of economics. When compared with neoclassical economics, the political dimension is emphasized thus making democracy a fundamental principle for relationships in markets and in society at large. A political economics is suggested where individuals are understood as political economic persons and organizations as political economic organizations. This leads to a different understanding of markets from that of neoclassical supply and demand. The ethics and responsibilities of market actors in a democratic society is considered relevant and something to be investigated for purposes of sustainability politics. Approaches to decisionmaking are also discussed. Emphasis on democracy suggests a different approach from that of neoclassical Cost- Benefit analysis (CBA).

a) Preamble The contractual agreement represents the lease between the two Parties, the lessee and the lessor, and gives the contract to the lessee the right to use certain assets for a specific time period owned by the lessor in return for periodic payments paid by the tenant for the owner. the use of leases have largely spread because of the advantages offered by the leases as an alternative to owning originally included leases many magazines including ships, aircraft , land , and buildings. The leasing historically runs from the date of the Pharaohs and in Iraq, thousands of years ago people were working in the lease, such as rental of agricultural land and agricultural equipment. Leasing was well known in Islamic economics. In fact leasing exists in Islamic economics and is named Ijara; Ijara leads to acquisition. Leasing currently is based on Western experience, as with regard to leasing in the modern era, after the industrial revolution and after the Second World War, there was a need for the use of industrial machinery and equipment to keep pace with developments in those countries were not allowed at the time to own land were established leasing companies to help secure the land as well to finance industrial machinery and equipment, which was to keep pace with the industrial revolution. Aftermath World War II, leasing companies were specifically established in U.S.A. and Europe, where banks were not permitted to that do this job, and at the time when banks noticed that the leasing companies are working well and contribute to the growth of the economies of their countries, the banks asked to be allowed to exercise the lease and were allowed to do so. The banks at the moment were the biggest beneficiaries of the system of leasing. In this study, the researcher will analyze the data of industrial sector companies in Jordan for a number of years in an attempt to see the impact the leasing decisions on the performance of these companies.

Study Importance: Small enterprises represent the most important pillars of economic development of the most countries of the world, these enterprises account for the highest percentage among all types of enterprises that contribute to the economic productivity. Small enterprises have been the focus and attention of most governments in developing countries due to the role they play in increasing production and employment in addition to their active contribution in increasing the rates of economic growth and national income and their support of the GNP of many countries. Research importance relies in identifying the most obstacles facing small businesses from small entrepreneurs perspective. Study Purpose: That small enterprises form the backbone of the economy in all countries of the world, without exception. This research is an attempt to provide some solutions that may help in addressing the financing problem of small projects, especially in developing countries, identification of the main obstacles that small entrepreneurs face in financing their small projects. Study Results: This study sought to identify the most important constraints faced by small entrepreneurs in Jordan as well as assessing present methods of financing these enterprises, through a field study by using a purposeful sample of the owners of these enterprises. The researcher has analyzed 345 questionnaires and through the analysis, a set of results have been reached and are summarized as follows: 􀀐 Insufficient amount of funding of these enterprises. 􀀐 Militancy in demanding guarantees in return for granting the loans. 􀀐 The high interest rates of these loans were the most important challenges faced by entrepreneurs of the study sample. Based on the results of the study, the researcher recommends the need for the financial institutions to initiate a special policy to encourage entrepreneurs carry out their creative ideas and innovations via small enterprises and this encouragement will

In multinational firms, strategies are initiated at the corporate/headquarter level and the subsidiary level. Each of the two levels of strategy has an important and distinct role to play in achieving and sustaining competitive advantage, although key elements of the multinational firm strategy are formulated at the corporate level, strategies dealing with the implementation of the strategy are typically done at the subsidiary level. The multinational firm has to strike a balance between having a single global strategy, such as a single website for the whole company, or have mini-replicas around the world, each developing its subsidiary strategy. After reading this paper you should be able to identify and describe levels of global strategy; identify and describe subsidiaries strategic roles; discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different subsidiary roles; identify and discuss the generic strategies.

Charles Dickens’s ‘A Christmas Carol’ works to thwack the idiosyncracies of the capitalist bourgeoisie; mirroring their deficiencies it emphasizes the need for “spiritual change”. Apart from being a pivotal voice of Marxist ideologies, it harbours a simple message, which is that capitalism can coexist with a self-conscience. The present paper endeavours to explore the plausibility of this fact with reference to Dickens’s timeless novella.

Australia is currently on the cusp of the biggest mining boom in its history powered by demand from the fast growing mega Asian economies. However, productivity has slumped in 2000 decade compared to the previous despite a record increase in the terms-of-trade and capital investment in the mining sector. The appreciation of the real exchange rate due to spending effects of the booming mining sector and deindustrialisation of the lagging manufacturing sector by undermining the international competitiveness of manufactured exports has infected the Australian economy with Dutch Disease effects. Policy designers face the daunting task of designing appropriate adjustment policies that should groom manufacturing industries with productivity generation learning-by-doing economies, whilst at the same time implementing monetary policies that would keep inflation within the target zone. The paper sheds light on the issues relating to the designing g monetary policy in the context of productivity augmenting time-varying NAIRU using a New Keynesian Phillips curve framework. State space methodology and Kalman Filer has been used to empirically validate the model. Various policy options besides a Taylor rule for keeping inflation within the target zone and policy options to prevent the resource boom from turning to a resource curse are also commented on.

Background: The cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown, although it is widely accepted that environmental factors act in concert with a genetic susceptibility. Objective: To evaluate the effect of 3 months supplementation of antioxidants vitamins (ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and alphatocopherol (vitamin E)) on the oxidant / antioxidant status and on the clinical course in patients with relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) and to compare with the placebo therapy and healthy subjects as a control. Patients & Methods: This is a non randomized single blinded clinical trial was conducted on a total number of 60 patients (24 males and 36 females) with age ranged between 15-54 years, diagnosed to have relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and were registered at Neurology Outpatients Department in Ibn Sina Teaching Hospital in Mosul City / Iraq and receiving subcutaneous β- interferon, in the period from 1st of February 2012 to the 1st of July 2012. The patients were divided into two groups: First group included thirty patients, started to receive the antioxidant vitamins therapy with vitamin C and vitamin E, for 3 months duration. The second group included thirty patients, were kept on a placebo therapy for 3 months duration. Another thirty apparently healthy individuals, non smokers, matched for age and sex with the patients, considered as the control group. Approximately 5ml of venous blood was drawn from the two MS patient groups prior to start taking the antioxidant or placebo therapies and after 3 months of therapies and collected once from healthy control subjects. The sera obtained from the blood samples of the precipitant in this study used for measuring total antioxidant status (TAS) level using a commercial kit while malondialdehyde (MDA) level were measured by using a manually prepared reagent. The clinical course of MS patients were assessed using expanded disability status score (EDSS). Results: There were significantly higher level but a significant lowe

The present study is a critical examination of the environmental disclosure practices and extent of disclosure of listed textile industries in Bangladesh. The study reveals that more than two-third (69%) of the sample companies addressed no environmental issues in their annual reports and on an average textile industries disclosed very poor information regarding environmental aspects where variation of disclosure among the industries is considerably high. The study recommends Government and other regulatory authorities taking necessary steps in compelling and motivating all textile companies in Bangladesh in addressing environmental issues in their annual report. Finally, the study expects playing important role in creating consciousness among the users and preparers in disclosing more environmental information in annual reports.

he work of art as a transfer of truth about human existence can be treated as a sign-word of an invisible sphere of reality. In this situation it becomes a revelation of nature, which enjoys concealing things before the human being. Let us notice what the Wise Man from Ephesus (among others B 123) says that about this invisibility and truthfulness. If we admit that the work of art is a kind of sign of the transfer of a divine truth, which has been revealed to the artist, then an interesting aphorism (B 93) is the one which reads: “The Lord, whose oracle is in Delphi, neither says nor conceals, only gives signs”1. Let us emphasise, after Kazimierz Mrówka, that a sign does not destroy the otherness of nature but “reveals it, brings it out from o t h e r n e s s and brings it near to the human being.”2 Let us try to interpret here the work of art as a subtle sign of this otherness, a sign concealing the truthful essence of nature – which likes to conceal before the human being... The work of art here is also the philosophical word, announcing the life and death mystery.

Surveillance systems are commonly used for security and monitoring. The need to automate these systems is well understood. To address this issue we introduce the Graph theoretic approach based Crowd Behavior Analysis and Classification System (GCBACS). The crowd behavior is observed based on the motion trajectories of the personnel in the crowd. Optical flow methods are used to obtain the streak lines and path lines of the crowd personnel trajectories. The streak flow is constructed based on the path and streak lines. The personnel and their respective potential vectors obtained from the streak flows are used to represent each frame as a graph. The frames of the surveillance videos are analyzed using graph theoretic approaches. The cumulative variation in all the frames is computed and a threshold based mechanism is used for classification and activity recognition. The experimental results discussed in the paper prove the efficiency and robustness of the proposed GCBACS for crowd behavior analysis and classification.