In present days the wireless communication has developed quickly. This demand on wireless application has put several limitations on the existing radio spectrum which is precious and limited. Various frequency bands are not used properly in the fixed spectrum assignment but, the cognitive radio more helpful to utilize these frequency bands which are called as white spaces. This is an exclusive approach to improve use of radio electromagnetic spectrum. There are four methods to establish the cognitive radio. This report explain the first method i.e. spectrum sensing and describe the issues, techniques and challenges of this method.

In this paper we have developed some indefinite integrals involving certain polynomials in the form of Hypergeometric function. The results represent here are assume to be new.

GIS and Electrical resistivity method of geophysical methods has been combined for the assessment of groundwater potential in Ikeja Local Government of Lagos State, Nigeria. Ten (10) vertical electrical sounding was carried out using the High resolution Abem Terrameter Sas 4000 Earth resistivity Meter.Curve matching techniques and WinResist software were used to process and iterate VES data; AutoCAD 2012 version was used to draw the geoelectric section using the depth of each lithology and was then imported into the ArcGIS to perform several queries.

Bamboo is of vital importance from ecological, commercial and socio-economic points of view. The bamboo resources in the country are shrinking day by day due to various reasons, particularly due to un-establishment of bamboo clump after the gregarious flowering of bamboo. After gregarious flowering, the natural regeneration of bamboo species forms carpet on forest floor and remained in whippy stage for several decades. The present paper deals with the eco-silvicultural interventions for rehabilitation of bamboo after gregarious flowering. The treatments were given after formation of bamboo elites. The findings revealed that after post flowering treatments, the clump formation and culms growth found significantly improved. Without post flowering treatments the bamboo growth found in whippy stage even after the decades of gregarious flowering. The post flowering treatments should include protection from fires and grazing, proper spacing along with digging of carpet regeneration, cut back operations, soil working and canopy manipulation.

In today’s market conditions there has been an increase in the power of retailers in the distribution channels for consumer goods; at the same time the competition between them has been intensified. Retail chains permanently explore and identify the sources of competitive advantage in order to benefit from them. This article focuses on retailers’ private labels as a competitive strategy of the present day. The relationship between the degree of concentration of retailing and the share of private label goods is investigated based on empirical data. The factors facilitating private label goods to penetrate the market are outlined, and the benefits for retailers, manufacturers and consumers in developing such labels are discussed. The theoretical considerations are corroborated by examples from retailers’ business practices.

Inversion of the uterus is a rare clinical condition. Further, chronic non-puerperal uterine inversion is a still rare clinical entity with very few clinicians encountering it. Intra-uterine tumours; especially large fundal submucosal leiomyomas are the usual precipitating factors. Due to its extremely rare occurrence it may pose a diagnostic as well as surgical challenge for the gynaecologist. Correct diagnosis based on clinical findings & diagnostic modalities like Ultrasonography (USG) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) careful preoperative planning & appropriate surgical procedure are imperative for a successful outcome. We propose certain recommendations for diagnosis and management of chronic non puerperal uterine inversion associated with a large prolapsed fundal submucosal fibroid accurate diagnosis commencing with strong clinical suspicion & confirmation with advanced diagnostic modalities is the cornerstone of management. HYSTERECTOMY is difficult with the grossly distorted anatomy. A well planned and carefully executed surgery ensures a good outcome with minimum morbidity.

An effective understanding of water and sanitation supply in developing states such as Edo-state is a veritable tool in addressing uneven distribution of these utilities. This research study focuses on the evaluation of water and sanitation supply in the state using baseline and demand responsiveness approaches to capture data on water and sanitation supplies in all the 18 local government areas in the State. Variables such as coverage of access or no access to water and sanitation supply, sources of water and incidences of water-related diseases were captured and technically analysed. The output of the analysis revealed that 62% representing 1,346, 649, population could not access portable water, while 38% corresponding to 813,199 could fairly access portable water in 1993. However, coverage for safe drinking water between 1993 and 2002 in Edo-State is not significant at 95% confidence interval. In addition, 72% (2,009,566 population) did not have any access to sanitation; while 28% (777,210 population) had fair supply of sanitation. The regions with poor sanitation and water index are Etsako central, Etsako west, Esan west, Esan north-west, while Oredo, Akoko- Edo, Egor and Owan east have improved sanitation and water index. The results obtained also indicate widespread of water and sanitation related diseased in the State with the recorded highest cases of Schistosomaisis (134, 361:43%); Typhoid (81,981:27%); Cholera(62,191:20%) and Diarrhea (29,893:10%) respectively. Water harvesting is the major source of water supply in the Edo-state with 69.8% in Etsako West, 65.6% in Esan north East 65.5% in Etsako central while Oredo and Akoko-Edo had 5.9% and 4.3% respectively. Protected water supply from pipe borne water and borehole were noticeable in Oredo with 54.2%, 19.9% and Akoko-Edo with 5.2% and 6.0 respectively. The result on social sector expenditure shows that water and sanitation had least allocation of 18.4%, while Education, Health and Security had 23.5%, 37

Employment and unemployment are important subjects that draw attention to participants in economic occurrences of all countries. Monitoring of their dynamics attracts particular attention of the public in transitional countries. Due to numerous particularities accompanying transition, labour market problems in Serbia will continue being the main concern of various economic analyses for a long time. Information on labour market movements is collected and published by the National Employment Service (NES) and the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia (SORS). NES gathers and analyzes statistical data from the field of unemployment and employment. Statistical reports of the NES are one of the sources on which basis analysing and monitoring occurrences and tendencies/movements of unemployment and employment in the labour market, their interdependence and relation are performed. They also represent one of the bases for creation and guidance of the Active Employment Policy programme and improvement of unemployment reduction measures. At the same time, SORS gathers data and publishes the “Labour Force Survey”, which is a research that provides the most comprehensive view on labour force characteristics and labour market occurrences. SORS studies are conducted by applying methodological solutions that are adjusted to recommendations and standards of the International Labour Organization – ILO and requirements of EUROSTAT (European Statistical Office), thus providing the most important source for international comparison of labour statistics data of the Republic of Serbia with other countries. Non-compliance of authority of those involved in gathering, analysing and publishing data from the labour market, as well as the scope, type and dynamics of research, points out to the need to apply a unified system solution at national level.

This paper takes a comparative critique of the Nigerian Evidence Acts 2004 and its 2011 counterpart. Specifically, the paper seeks to tackle the question whether the controversial issues raised against the provisions on competency of a child witness under the 2004 Act have been resolved or they are still rearing their ugly heads under the 2011Act. In tackling this question, the paper relies on the two Evidence Acts as the major statutes. Other domestic legislation of Nigeria relevant for consideration, include the Children and Young Persons Act, the Criminal Procedure Act, the Child Rights Act and the Constitution of Nigeria, (as amended). At the international plane, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child and the Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa are relevant. The paper answers the question raised in this paper in the negative, concluding that, though the Evidence Act, 2011 has brought some innovations to its 2004 counterpart, some of the controversial issues raised under the 2004 Act are compounded under the new Act. The paper recommends necessary steps forward, including legislative and judicial intervention.

Every business is a people business. At the heart of every successful business are the people who make things happen. Human capital is its most valuable resource, which provides the solid foundation needed to build long-term profitability and ongoing success of an organization. Therefore, businesses must constantly seek new and innovative ways to attract and retain a top-notch workforce, and motivate them to perform to their fullest potential. The evidence from the literature review, the key success factor of business innovative and motivated human resource. Top management responsible for creating a positive organizational environment by intervening cooperative relationship within functional departments for innovation and creativity in organizational interfaces. Everything can be imitated but competent and innovative workforce cannot be imitated and it becomes a distinctive resource regarded as a competitive advantage.