One of the most natural approaches to the problem of origins of natural languages is the study of hidden intelligent "communications" emanating from their historical forms. Semitic languages history is especially meaningful in this sense. One discovers, in particular, that Biblical Hebrew, BH, the best preserved fossil of the Semitic protolanguage, is primarily a verbal language, with an average verse of the Hebrew Bible containing no less than three verbs and with the biggest part of its vocabulary representing morphological derivations from verbal roots, almost entirely triliteral – the feature BH shares with all Semitic and a few other Afro- Asiatic languages. For classical linguists, more than hundred years ago, it was surprising to discover that verbal system of BH is, as we say today, optimal from the Information Theory’s point of view and that its formal topological morphology is semantically meaningful. These and other basic features of BH reflect, in our opinion, the original design of the Semitic Protolanguage and suggest the indispensabilityof IIH – Inspirational Intelligence Hypothesis, our main topic, – for the understanding of origins of natural languages. Our project is of vertical nature with respect to the time, in difference with the vastly dominating today horizontal linguistic approaches.

The kinetics of reduction of (7-Amino-8-methyl-phenothiazin-3-ylidene)-Dimethyl-Ammonium Chloride (hereafter referred to as TB) by thiocyanate ion have been studied in acidic medium under the pseudo-first order condition of excess [SCN-] at 30 ± 1°C, [H+] = 1 x 10-3 mol dm-3 and ionic strength, I = 0.50 mol dm-3 (NaCl). The stoichiometry of the reaction was observed to be 1:1 mole ratio of TB to SCN ions. The redox reaction follows second order kinetics at constant hydrogen ion concentration and the rate also increases with increase in hydrogen ion concentration. The overall reaction conforms to the rate law.

The main objective was to study grazing behavior of goats; diet selection, nutritive value, digestibility of range plant and body gained at flowering and seed setting stage at September and November 2010 respectively in El-khuwei locality (El Rosa). A completely randomized design was used (CRD). Sampling was done by two stage flowering and seed sating stage were selected diets and feed intake locating a 2000 x 2000 m plots. The average weights gains during the flowering and seed setting stage were 17 and 18.28kg respectively. Goats during the flowering stage was preference on bite counts of the different species, however highly (P < 0.0001) at the flowering and least during the seed setting stage. Goat preference ranked Bano (Eragrostis tremula), Huskneet (Cenchrus biflorus), Difra (Echinocloa colonum), leflef (Luffa aegyptiaca), Gaw (Aristida spp.), Fisiya (Fimbristyls hispidula), Himeira (Hymenocardia acida), Nuida (Sida cordofolia), Tmrfar (Oldenlandia senegalensis) and Aboelrakhus (Andropogon gayanus), while Gadgad (Geigeria alata), Buid (Commelinia subulata), Simeima (Sesamum alatum), Abodaib (Ceraotheca sesamoid) and Rabaa (Zalea spp) least than that.

Plants have played a vital role in the prevention and treatment of diseases since prehistoric times. WHO estimates that 65%-80% of the world’s population use traditional medicines, as their primary form of health care and most of the diseases have been treated by administration of plant or plant products. Sumaq (Rhus coriaria Linn.) is most useful herbal medicinal plant in India its post of fruits possess medicinal property. During the last few years the phytochemistry of the Sumaq is been achieved regarding the biological activity and its medicinal applications. It is now considered as a natural product for development of medicines against various diseases and also for the development of industrial products. This review gives a keen view mainly on the biological activities of the Sumaq and some of their compounds isolated, pharmacological actions of the Sumaq extracts and plausible medicinal applications of Sumaq along with their safety evaluation.

A new trend in extraction and preconcentration of chromium (VI) using laboratory-made azo dye reagent 2- [benzenethiazolylazo]-4-benzenenaphthol (BTABN) after cloud-point extraction (CPE) and its determination by spectrophotometrically. The method involved the reaction of Cr2O7 2- with BTABN in acidic medium forming a hydrophobic ion-association complex [HBTABN][HCr2O7] which is entrapped into micelle-mediating solvent (Triton X-100) and the Cr(VI) detected spectrophotometrically at λmax of 475 nm. The effect of the several factors on the CPE efficiency is optimized by one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT). Extensive thermodynamic study has been presented to understand the mechanism of extraction and solubilisation of ion-association complex in micelles. The interferences effect of divers ions is also considered. Under the optimized conditions, enrichment factor of 270 is achieved leading to limit of detection and limit of quantitation of 0.017 and 0.0568 μg mL-1 respectively. The linearity of 0.1-2.0 μg mL- 1 and sensitivity in term of molar absorptivity is 4.47x104 L.mol-1.cm-1 are obtained .The precision (RSD%; n=7) of the proposed method is of 0.31% % at 2.0 μg Cr (VI) mL-1. This method is applied in the determination of Cr (VI) in various environmental and botanical samples.

Coal mining contributes largely towards economic development of the nation like India although it has a great impact upon the human health. It also has its impact on sociocultural aspect of the workers and people residing in and around coal mining areas. Thus a holistic approach for taking up to mining activities, keeping in mind concerns for adjoining habitats and ecosystem, is the need of the hour. This requires identification of various sites where minerals exist and various factors ranging from appropriate angle of slope of overburden dumps, safe disposal drains, and safe techniques to various silt control structures etc. In India Coal companies are now working towards “clean coal” strategies, which aim to reduce environmental impacts. The reduced ash contents of the washed coal increase the thermal efficiency of combustion, which in turn make a direct impact on reducing emission of pollutants. However the coal washing requires extra water and it can turn towards a pollution free society. Coal is mined by two main methods- Surface or ‘opencast’ and underground mining method. Geological condition determines the method of mining. Coal mining is usually associated with degradation of natural resources and destruction of habitat. This causes invasive species to occupy the area, thus posing a threat to biodiversity. Huge quantities of waste material are produced by several mining activities in the coal mining region. If proper care is not taken for waste disposal, mining degrades the environment. The method of waste disposal affects land, water and air and in turns the quality of life of the people in the adjacent areas. This paper tries to focus on the various issues of environmental pollutions in mining areas

A 58-day feeding trial was conducted in concrete tanks (2m x 2m x 1.25m) of 400L capacity to determine the effects of O. niloticus (3.40g + 0.04) fed pelleted diet to apparent satiation at different feeding frequencies (once (FF1) at 0900hr, twice (FF2) at 0900 and 1700 h, three (FF3) at 0900, 1300 and 1700 h and four times (FF4) 0900, 1200, 1500 and 1800 hs daily respectively. Fish were fed with 35% protein diet at 5% body weight. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) between feeding frequency of three times (FF3) daily, 19.33+ 0.67 and other feeding frequencies of once (FF1) 9.33+0.33, twice (FF2)13.67+ 0.33 and four times (FF4) daily, 17.67+0.33 with respect to final mean weight. Also Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) of the fish fed feeding frequency of three times (FF3) daily, 13.96 + 1.66, is the best of the four feeding frequencies. O. niloticus survival was not (P < 0.05) affected by the different frequencies.

Non enzymatic glycosylation of proteins and lipids is the main initiating factor for the pathophysiology of chronic diabetic complications. This glycation is more prevalent in insulin independent tissues like brain, kidney, RBCs, etc. Diallyl disulphide (DADS), the principle compound of garlic oil, is well known for its antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, anticarcinogenic and antibiotic properties. Hence a study was undertaken to assess the anti-glycation properties of DADS, in alloxan diabetic brain tissue, thereby to establish any usefulness of DADS in prevention of central nervous system complications in diabetes mellitus like diabetic dementia or diabetic encephalopathy. The current study showed a significant decrease (p<0.001) in glycated proteins, glycated lipids and total TBARS levels in brain tissue of DADS treated diabetic rats as compared to diabetic control rats. Hence it can be concluded that DADS helps in reducing glycation of brain proteins and lipids as well as lipid peroxidation and thus may be useful in prevention of CNS diabetic complications like diabetic encephalopathy.

Anaemia is defined as reduction in circulating haemoglobin mass below the critical level. The normal haemoglobin (Hb) concentration in the body is between 12-14 grams percent. WHO has accepted up to 11gm percent as the normal haemoglobin level in pregnancy. However in India and most of the other developing countries the lower limit is often accepted as 10 gms percent.Anaemia ranges from mild, moderate to severe and the WHO pegs the haemoglobin level for each of these types of anaemia in pregnancy at 10.0 – 10.9g/d1 (mild anaemia) 7 – 9.9g/dl (moderate anemia) and < 7g/dl (severe anaemia) (12).

Against the backdrop and inability of formal sector to providing adequate employment to job seekers, the paper seeks to examine the role of urban informal enterprises as an alternative to job provision in Ibadan cosmopolitan region. It employed use of structured questionnaire to analyse the perception of residents and operators to contribution of UIEs on urban economy. Using systematic sampling technique, a total number of three thousand, four hundred and forty four (3444) questionnaires were administered to the operators and residents around areas where informal enterprises are carried out. An interval of 2 was used to select operators of UIEs in shops sited on both sides of the streets and residential unit that falls within low medium and high residential quarters. The result of analysis among others reveals that a larger proportion of respondents agree it provides job for people. This recorded the highest RAI index of 4.34. It is equally perceived it increases income of operators most especially those that engage in it to sustain their livelihood. It also prevents youth from indulging in criminal activities (RAI 4.04). The government should formalize UIEs by institutionalizing it through proper registration, easy access to loans and other available financial assistance. This will serve as a tool to further solve the problem of unemployment in Nigeria since formal sector cannot absorb the larger share of the unemployed. This will consequently boost the economy of the nation, reduce poverty and consequently improve the standard of living of the populace.