In India, SHGs represent a unique approach to financial intermediation and innovation of credit delivery technique to enhance income generating activities. Sa-Dhan (2003) has sort out some of the unresolved issues in the context of quality assessment of SHGs. The main objective of this paper is to assess the opinion of the direct stakeholders (i.e. Promoters, Donors, Financial Institutions and the Group members) of SHGs regarding the issue whether SHG is a financial model. The study is conducted by using multi-stage random sampling method to collect primary data from the selected Development Blocks of Nagaon districts of Assam. From the ANOVA test on overall score of variables on financial model, it is concluded that all four groups’ means are not equal. It is observed that there exists enough evidence to conclude that there is significant association in the opinion of the direct stakeholders of SHGs regarding the issue whether SHG is a financial model. Further, it is observed that on thirteen (13) elements relating to financial model construct whose mean value is positive are considered as the key elements that recognise SHGs as the financial model of development.

Material and method a) Diagnostic: A. Diagnostic of thyroid immune disease: ATPO and ATG investigation was considered as necessary and were correlated with ultrasound. B. Diagnostic of immune disease. The diagnostic was based on classical guides for every disease. 2. Patients: A. “Classical” Hashimoto thyroiditis (hyper-ATPO-emia, HT) = 1276, B. thyroiditis with isolated hyper-ATG-emia, with normal ATPO (T-ATG) = 85, C. thyroiditis “sero-negative” (normal ATPO and ATG, pathology diagnosis) = 9, D. idiopathic myxedema (hypothyroidism, no A,B,C) = 76; E. control = 1216 (no antibodies, when hypothyroidism, iatrogenic). b) Statistical analysis: χ2 test for comparing patients data with control data and z-test for comparing proportions. Results a) Immune association – in total: in HT = 237 (18.57%, p << 0.001); in T-ATG = 23 (27.06%, p << 0.001); in “seronegative” = 1 (11.11%, NS); in idiopathic myxedema = 11 (14.47%, p = 0.9, NS); in control: 107 (8.80%). b) Main Immune Associations were with: A. Vitiligo: in HT = 37, p=0.0006; in T-ATG = 2 (p = 0.09); in Control = 11. B. Allergic dermatitis: in HT = 35, p=0.0001; in T-ATG = 2 (p = 0.09). C. Drug allergy: in HT: 27 (p=0.007); in ATG-T: 2. D. Immune ovaritis with precocious menopause: in HT = 16, p=0.009. E. IDDM: in HT: 15 (p= 0.06); F. Allergic rhinitis: in HT = 13 (p = 0.006); G. Biermer anemia: in HT = 12 (p=0.0096). H. Major colagenoses and vasculitis: in HT: 12 vs 8 in control (NS); I. Rheumatoid arthritis: in HT = 8 vs 20 in control (NS). J. Immune enteric diseases: in HT: 10 (p = 0.025); K. Bronchial asthma: in HT: 9 vs 10 in control (NS). L. Alopecia areata: in HT = 8 (p = 0.06); M. Repetitive zona zoster: in HT = 8 (p=0.023); N. Thrombophilia: in HT = 7 vs 3 in control (NS); O. Otosclerosis: in HT = 4 (NS), in TATG = 3 (p << 0.001) vs 2 in controls. P. Multiple sclerosis: in HT: 4 vs 1 in controls (NS). Q. Corticosuprarenal insufficiency: in HT: 4 (p = 0.05). c) Multiple associations (HT/T-ATG and

Many existing data mining (DM) tasks can be proficient effectively only in a distributed condition. The ground of distributed data mining (DDM) has therefore gained growing weightage in the preceding decades. The Apriori algorithm (AA) has appeared as one of the greatest Association Rule mining (ARM) algorithms. Ii also provides the foundation algorithm in majority of parallel algorithms (PAs). The size and elevated dimensionality of datasets characteristically existing as a key to difficulty of AR finding, makes it perfect difficulty for solving on numerous processors in parallel. The main causes are the computer memory and central processing unit pace constraints looked by single workstations. This paper is based on an Optimized Distributed AR mining algorithm for biologically distributed information is used in similar and distributed surroundings so that it decreases communication costs.

In rural communities, the communication between humans mostly done by using symbols such as sounds, gestures, visual and performing arts of the people. Heritage media is a communication tool used by people from outside in an attempt to convey some messages that contain various elements values, norms, rules, also include development message from the kingdom, therefore this heritage media purposes beside in addition to entertainment is also used as a tool to solve community problems in their own way, in this context local wisdom, especially issues related to community efforts to meet their needs for information.

In a survey study of police officers in Alabama, this paper assesses how demographic factors of police officers, their reception of training on cultural diversity, and the awareness of their department’s written policy on bias-based policing are related to their perception of bias-based policing practices in their department. To achieve the goal of the present study, a survey of 400 officers was used to run multivariate logistic regression analyses. Three variables display significant association with a police officer’s perception regarding witnessing bias-based policing practices. Officers with younger age group, higher education, and longer work experience in the department are more likely to say that they have witnessed bias-based policing practices as compared with their counterparts with older age groups, lower education, and shorter work experience.

The objective of this work is to assess the heavy metal contamination of water and sediment in the Danube Delta, approaching also the bioaccumulation and trophic transfer issue. It was conducted in15 sampling sites in Sf. Gheorghe Branch, were collected water, sediment and biological samples from two species of fish with different habitat and trophic level (Crucian carp - Carassius auratus gibelio and Zander - Sander lucioperca). All samples, were analyzed for Pb, Cd, As and Hg by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The bioaccumulation and trophic transfer assessment was done calculating the bioaccumulation (BAF) and biomagnification factor (BMF). Our pilot study showed that the heavy metal concentration varies from sediment to water where a significant correlation between water-sediment metals concentration was only in case of As. The distribution of the metals in fish organs shows differences between the two investigated species: in Crucian carp the concentrations of metals were Pb>As>Cd>Hg, Pb and As being predominant in external organs and in Zander the concentrations of metals were Pb> Cd>As> Hg, Cd,As and Hg being predominant in internal organs. BAFs showed a fairly high rate for mercury and lead and low arsenic rate in both species.

Introduction: The increasing use of electric generators in small scale businesses is predicated on the erratic and inadequate power supply in Nigeria. We assessed the work environment noise levels and developed a risk map for noise in two commercial locations Methods: Noise levels in A-weighted decibels (dBA) were measured over 12 weeks in 3 months at three times of the day (8am-10am, 11am-1pm and 3pm-6pm) using a calibrated sound level meter approximately 5 meters from sources. A geographical positioning system (GPS) was used to determine the coordinates of sampling points. Risk areas were defined thus; High risk [80-90 dB (A)], medium risk [70-80 dB (A)] and low risk [60-70 dB (A)] respectively. Results: The highest mean noise levels in Agbowo (93.7 dB) and Ajibode (90.3 dB) was obtained around 11am-1pm on Wednesday and Saturday respectively. In Agbowo; Enclosed location had the highest mean noise level (98.7dBA) as compared to road side location in Ajibode (81.7dBA). High risk areas were represented by enclosed and road side locations in Agbowo and Ajibode and were higher than the WHO guideline limit (65-70 dBA). Conclusion: Public enlightment on use of ear plugs and ear muffs while working in this commercial areas is advocated.

Background & Objective : Dengue, a major public health problem in India is caused mainly by Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. In Uttarakhand State (India), there has been a heavy increase in dengue cases in the year 2010 and thereafter in 2011-12, there was a decline. Keeping in view a change in climatic scenario i.e., heavy rainfall during June to September, we are expecting more and more cases of dengue this year too. Since there is lack of information on the bionomics of the recognized vectors of dengue from this region, it has been planned to determine the efficacy of ovitraps in monitoring the distribution and abundance of Aedes species in different urban and suburban areas of district Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Result: As many as 6 species of Aedes viz., Aedes aegypti, Ae. albopictus, Ae. edwardsi, Ae. pseudotaeniatus, Ae. unilineatus and Ae. vitattus were collected during the study period. Ae. aegypti shared highest (37.28%) followed by Ae. albopictus (33.27%), Ae. pseudotaeniatus, (15.68%) and Ae. vitattus (8.33%). The mixed breeding comprised larvae of Culex, Anopheles and some unidentified species and shared least percentage (3.10%). In indoor, overall mosquito accounts low percentage (18.82%) in all three localities as compared to outdoor percentage (19.47%). Maximum ovitrap index was encountered from Garhi Cantt. (48.75) followed by Karanpur (45.00) and Sahastradhara (43.75) during August 2012. Outdoor indices of area ovitraps index were in the range of 17.30±1.83 to 21.88±2.10, while in indoors the range was 12.30±1.67 to 15.42±1.56. Monthy ovitrap index of the study period ranged from 0.00 to 45.83. Conclusion: Ovitraps provide a very sensitive and economical method for detecting container breeders when the population density is low. A high density of dengue vectors in the residential area warrants the vector surveillance activities in time along with awareness programme.

Objective: we aimed to evaluate the prevalence of dental caries, treatment needs and oral hygiene practices school going children of Sullia taluk. Materials and methods: A total of 1800 school children constituted the study sample. Each age group consisted of 600 children. Information on oral hygiene methods was collected. Dental caries was recorded using dft/DMFT as per WHO 1997 guidelines. Results: The prevalence of dental caries was found to be 33.6% in Sulliataluk. The prevalence of dental caries was found among 5 year old 31.0%, 12 year old 32.8% and 15 year old 37.0% respectively. Prevalence of dental caries among tooth brush using 32.6% and finger users 42.8%. This observation was statistically significant (P<0.05). The percentage of caries affected children was low among tooth paste user (30.5%) and those who brush their teeth twice daily (10.6%). The prevalence of dental caries found to be slightly higher among urban (34.2%) and mixed diet group (34.9%) compared to rural (33.3%) and vegetarian group (32.9%). In all the age groups the decayed teeth accounted for the greatest percentage in both deciduous and permanent dentition. The greatest treatment need for study population was one surface restoration. Conclusion: Prevalence of dental caries for the entire study population was 33.6% and the treatment need among the study population revealed that greatest need was for one surface restoration followed by other treatment.

The Universal Basic Education (UBE) Programme could not have been introduced at a better time than now that the nation is in dire need of all round National Development. The major objective of the UBE programme is the provision of free, universal and compulsory basic education for every Nigerian child aged 6—15 years. However, for the Universal Basic Education programme to be truly free and universal, efforts must be made to check those factors that are known to have hindered the success of such programmes in the past. This paper specifically considered the implementation of Universal Basic Education (UBE) so far-.its success and problems. Relevant recommendations are therefore proffered.