This paper further explores the capability and versatility of Barlase in establishing deeper understanding of an emitter in a laser bar. There is communication between an emitter and the substrate on which it is mounted and this is linked to the degradation process that occurs in lasers. It is well known that various factors come into play in the operation of individual emitters and full laser bars (L-I characteristics, threshold, efficiency, etc.) but one of the most important is the effect of introducing defects through non-radiative recombination centres. Barlase is therefore used to investigate the effect of defects based on the Arrhenius equation, where the quantum well trap generation rate is activated by the local quantum well temperature. The trap generation rate is multiplied by the aging time and the trap density is updated at each aging step. Barlase allows a better understanding of how current competition, temperature and the level of defects affect the output power and the degradation rate of the bar. The significance of this study is to investigate the effect of defects through non-radiative recombination centres in a single emitter laser bar. This was done in order to establish a fair idea of how single emitters will operate in the context of a multi-emitter laser bar through the introduction of non-radiative recombination centres.

Focused Impedance Measurement (FIM) is a relatively new technique developed in the Biomedical Physics Laboratory of Dhaka University which allows improved localization of a zone without much increase in complexity of the measuring instrumentation when the electrodes are applied on the skin surface with the organs inside contributing the measurement of impedance since the body is a volume conductor. The present work is basically a preliminary study which aims at measuring the absolute volume of food or drinks of known conductivity inside a human stomach. The circuitry of a FIM system was used to study the impedance change in the stomach region of two subjects for the intake of saline (water with a little salt) with a particular conductivity on several days, each day with a different volume of the saline. It was ensured that they had the same history of food intake in the previous day and all physical conditions remain the same during the measurement for reproducibility. The impedance changes for different volumes of the saline in the one subject agreed well, and it appears that provided the correction factors mentioned above are incorporated, FIM may be used to measure the volume of food or saline in the stomach of a person.

Background/Aims : Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a common cause of gastric outlet obstruction in infants, and presents as one of the most common surgical conditions of infancy. Although there were many published studies about IHPS worldwide; there was very few published study in our local literature. So we conduct this study to investigate IHPS in form of, presentation, management and overall outcome. Methodology : In this prospective cross - sectional, hospital based study; 42 patients with IHPS, were admitted in Khartoum Teaching hospital department of Pediatric Surgery in the period between Aug. 2011 and May. 2013. Patients were referred from all parts of Sudan. Study variables included were age, gender, and residence, presenting symptoms, clinical sign and postoperative outcomes. Data was collected using a structured, pretested questionnaire and analyzed using a computer program-Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Results were presented in tables and graphs. Results : Forty two patients with IHPS were studied, 78.6% of them were males, 61.9% of the patients were of 3-6 week age group and 50% of them were a first born child. All patients presented projectile vomiting with severe dehydration observed in 88.1% of them. While 90.5% had palpable epigastric olive like mass 69.0% of them had visible peristaltic wave. Abdominal U/S was done for all patients, and confirmed the diagnosis in 97.6% of them. For all patients; open surgical Ramsted’s pyloromyotomy was done successfully, with 4.8% complications and 2.4% mortality. We observed that dehydration and abnormal laboratory values are the most common findings in IHPS. Surgical operation associated with good outcome.Ultrasound has emerged as the modality of choice for diagnosing IHPS as it is easily, available and sensitive.

Background: Nutrition is important part of child growth and development. Malnutrition still takes the lead in child mortality and morbidity. As Millennium Development Goal indicators no 1 and 4 is to reduce child mortality and improve nutrition respectively. A lot of children in this area have malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. That’s why this research is motivated to assess mother’s knowledge on infant and young child feeding and micronutrient. Objective: This study is mainly aimed at assessing mother’s knowledge on Infant and young child feeding which is a child feeding indicator developed by the World health organization. The study also assesses the mother’s knowledge on micronutrient. Method: The study was conducted in Mekelle in two of its sub cities Kedamy Weyane and Ayder subcities. This cross-sectional study involves 541 mothers and multistage sampling design was used. Result: The results revealed that average mean of mothers knowledge on vitamin A were .95 which is moderately knowledgeable and the knowledge average mean for mother’s knowledge on Iodine were 1.02, and 0.7 for iron mothers average mean knowledge for breast feeding were 1.34, 1.22 for knowledge of the mother on food diversity. Knowledge on minimum food frequency the mother’s average mean score were 0.85. There is also a mean knowledge difference among the monthly income and mother’s educational level. Conclusion and recommendation: Over all mothers had a moderate and slight knowledge on infant and young child feeding. Knowledge increases in parallel with educational and income level. Better knowledge enhancement is recommended by involving the mass media and the health care profession.

Today’s administrative and management environment requires professionals to deal with dynamic markets, changing technologies and governance methods. In practice this means defining desired outcomes, nominating the best most skilled and talented people to guide the SOE and monitor management and operations, incentivizing hard work and good performance, and ensuring accountability for results. Good governance requires having effective corporate structures. This was the main intent of this research paper. The paper employed advanced statistical techniques such as Anova, PCA and Regression analysis to confirm the key hypotheses. From the findings, it was established that though Kenyan state owned enterprises had distinct corporate governance structures, there was need to employ a fair interplay of ethics and management in the process.

Urinary schistosomiasis affects 200 million people worldwide it is a major source of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Objectives: To compare the effectiveness of three diagnostic methods (urinalysis, ultrasound and cystoscopy) in evaluating the presence of S. haematobium infection. Material and Methods: This is a prospective crosssectional hospital based study conducted in three specialized urology centres in Khartoum, Sudan, in the period between Oct 2012-Sep 2012. It included all patients presenting to the outpatient clinics with different urinary tract symptoms and diagnosed as urinary schistosomiasis. Results: Dipstick tests showed haematuria (61.8%), while microscopy showed ova in only (3.1%) of patients. The majority of patients had no pathology on U/S exam (68%), minor pathology in (1%) and severe pathology in (31%) of patients.The most common ultrasound finding was increased bladder wall thickness (27.5%) followed by bladder masses (14.5%). Cystoscopy diagnosed the disease in all presenting patients; the most common cystoscopic findings were sandy patches (89.3%), followed by granuloma (23.7%). Conclusion: In this study cystoscopy was the most reliable investigation for diagnosing urinary schistosomiasis. Dipstick tests came second followed by ultrasonography, while urine for schistosomal ova was the least diagnostic test.

The allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of plant residues from Zea mays (root and tassel) and Cajanus cajan (leaves and stem) were examined on the two weeds, Euphorbia heteropyhlla L. and Bidens pilosa L. The results obtained showed that the aqueous extracts retarded the germination and the initial growth of both weeds. The effects were concentration dependent as the degree of retardation increased with increase in the concentrations of the extracts. The retardation of germination of E. heterophylla seeds was more pronounced in seeds treated with extracts from C. cajan leaf. The % germination decreased from 18% in the 5g concentration to 10% in 25g/200mL concentration at 144hrs experimental time. Similarly, the retardation of germination of B. pilosa seeds was more pronounced in C. cajan stem extract treated seeds. The % germination decreased from 52% in the 5g concentration to 20% in 25g/200mL concentration at 144hrs experimental time. The radicles of the two weeds were also retarded by the extracts. The retardation of radical lengths of E. heterophylla and B. pilosa seedlings were more pronounced in Cajanus cajan stem extract treated seeds as no radicle emerged until 72hrs experiment time. The radicle length of E. heterophylla seedling at 144hrs experiment was 0.93cm in the 5g concentration which reduced to 0.29cm in 25g/ 200mL extract concentration. The radicle length of B. pilosa seedling at 144hrs experimental time was 1.25cm in 5g concentration which decreased to 0.59cm in 25g/ 200mL concentration. The plumule lengths of the two weeds were also retarded by the extracts. The plumule length of E. heterophylla seeds were mostly retarded by extract from C. cajan stems. Plumule length in the 5g concentration was 0.53cm which decreased to 0.06cm in the 25g extract concentration. B. pilosa seedlings were retarded mostly by extracts from C. cajan leaves. Plumule length was 1.20cm in the 5g extract concentration which decreased to 1.03cm in 25g/200mL extract conce

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder which is greatly prevalent in Bangladesh and the use of traditional medicinal plants for its treatment is also very popular. In this study, a survey to identify the medicinal plants used for the treatment of DM in the urban areas of Dhaka and Khulna, Bangladesh was conducted. In this survey, 100 randomly chosen individuals of both Dhaka and Khulna, 50 each, were interviewed in a structured manner, regarding the use of anti-diabetic medicinal plants. A total of 30 medicinal plants belonging to 18 families were accounted for the treatment of DM in Bangladesh. The most widely mentioned plants were, Coccinia indica (Telachuka), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Trigonella foenum-graecum (Methi), Syzygium cumini (Jam), Terminalia chebula (Horituki), Ficus racemosa (Joiggi dumur), Momordica charantia (Korolla), Swietenia mahagoni (Mahogany)., Phyllanthus emblica (Amloki), Terminalia bellirica (Bohera), Tinospora cordifolia (Gulancha lota), Lagerstroemia speciosa (Jarul), Withania somnifera (Aswagandha). Although a large number of traditional medicinal plants are being used for the treatment of DM in Bangladesh, extensive clinical intervention studies are essential prior to recommend their use to ensure proper public health outcomes.

This study describes the occurrences of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) caused by anti tubercular (TB) drugs employed in Directly Observed Treatment Short Course (DOTS) from ten years of ADR data (from 2002 to 2012) reported in various articles. The frequency of each type of ADR was analyzed and compared. A total of 10,219 patients were studied. Among them, 8,047 (78.75%) patients demonstrated positive responses to at least one type of ADR. Dermatological reactions predominated among the ADRs which occurred in 4389 (42.95%) patients followed by hepatotoxicity in 1634 (15.99%) cases. Female patients were more prone to ADRs as compared to the male patients. The occurrence of ADRs is mainly attributed to the combination therapy along with the prolonged medication period. A colossal amount of ADRs were observed during the study which must be monitored and managed properly throughout the DOTS therapy in order to prevent life-threatening harmful effects.

Solanumkurzii Br. berry used as folk food medicine among the Adi tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. The methanol extract of berry were evaluated for total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteu’s method), total flavonoid content (colorimetric method) and antioxidant potential ((DPPH & ABTS). The methanol extract contains considerable contents of phenolic (14.60 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (89.00 μMRE/g) with antioxidant potential of 30.75 μM/g and 257.74μM/g in ABTS and DPPH assay respectively. The folk use as food and medicine and antioxidant potential of Solanumkurzii berry is discussed in the paper.