Laser shock peening(LSP) is aninnovativesurface treatment technique, which is successfully applied to improve fatigue performance of metallic components. After the treatment, the fatigue strength and fatigue life of a metallic material can be increased remarkably owing to the presence of compressive residual stresses in the material.Recently,the incidences of cracking in Alloy 600 small-caliber penetration nozzles (CRDM (control rod drive mechanism)and BMI(bottom mountedinstrument)) have increased significantly. The cracking mechanism has been attributed to primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) and has been shown to be driven by welding residual stresses and operational stresses in the weld region. For this reason, to mitigating weldresidual stress, preventive maintenance of BMI nozzles was considered application of laser shock peening process. Effects of parameters related to finite element simulation of laser shock peening process to determineresidualstresses are discussed, in particular parameters associated with the LSP process, such as the maximum pressure, pressure pulse duration, laser spot size and number of shots.It is found that certain ranges of the maximum pressure and pulse duration can produce maximum compressive residual stresses near the surface, and thus proper choices of these parameters are important.For the laser spot size, residual stresses are not affected, provided it islarger than a certain size.Magnitudes of compressive residual stresses are found to increase with increasing number of shots, but the effect is less pronounced for more shots.

Background/Aims: Prostate cancer is fourth most common male cancer, recent data showed an increased incidence among Sudanese males and it is becoming a major medical problems and gained increased attention from Sudanese urologists. Objective: To detect patients with prostate cancer, in prostatectomy specimens, with normal preoperative PSA levels. To try to suggest a base line level of PSA above which prostatectomy should not be performed unless having a histological tissue diagnosis. Materials and methods: This is descriptive, prospective cross sectional, hospital based study, conducted at Soba University Hospital, Omdurman Military Hospital, IbnSina specialized Hospital in the period from September 2012 to August 2013All patients above 40 years of age undergoing prostectomy with normal PSA levels in the above mentioned hospitals were enrolled in this study, their surgical specimens was sent for histology. Results: The PSA level was below 4ng/ml in all cases, with a mean of 1.85ng/dl (total), and 0.36ng/dl free PSA. The histology of the prostatectomy specimens showed adenocarcinoma in 14 Pts (13.1%) and BPH in 93 pts (86.7%).Conclusion: There was a detection rate of (13.1%) among patients with PSA below ng/ml, with high grade Gleason scores. Suspicious DRE in low PSA patients enhances the cancer detection rate.

The present work deals with the changes which evolve in the tribosystem from the viewpoint of the quantum theory of measurement. It is shown that measurement both enables to determine some parameters of the friction unit and affects the tribosystem structure and properties. The theoretical argumentation in the article is based on the most fundamental concepts: the non-force quantum fields, non-local correlations, quantum entanglement, and model of H. Everett. The tribosystem evolution is viewed as the set of spatial transitions from non-local original state to tribosystem material state registrable by measurement. Some conclusions from the evolution quantum model are confirmed experimentally by studying triboplasma matter as a quantum object.

There are two fundamental reasons for treatment of wastewater viz., prevention of pollution and thereby protecting the environment, and protecting the public health by safe guarding water supplies and preventing the spread of water borne diseases. Proper design, construction together with good operation and maintenance are essential for waste water treatment plants, in order to produce effluents which are satisfying the safe disposal standards prescribed by the regulatory authorities. In the present study a comprehensive design developed for the units of Inlet chamber, Screen chamber, Grit Removal Unit, Equalization Tank, Clari- Floculator, Aeration Tank, Sand Gravity Filter, Sludge Drying Beds etc. as they are commonly used in the field of wastewater treatment. The plant will use as many sustainable and energy efficient concepts as possible, while still keeping construction and maintenance costs low. The overarching goal of the project is to prevent the contamination of the aquifer, while also minimizing the environmental impacts on the surrounding ecosystems.

In computer science and mathematics; we can formulate a procedure for sorting unordered array or a file. Such procedure is always governed by an algorithm; which is called as Sorting Algorithm. Sorting is generally understood to be the process of rearranging a given set of objects in a specific order. The purpose of sorting is to facilitate the later search for members of the sorted set.

In this paper I wish to suggest that « obsession» of a transition economy with competitiveness and trade openness, together with « hands off» sort of economic policy, may hardly lead an ―infant economy‖(a transition economy) towards ―real income ―convergence and caching up with mature developed economy on her long-run development path. Moreover, such an obsession may have deflationary impact upon an economy defined as «factor –driven economy, let alone on an « aid-driven economy». However, I point out that in time of extant and particularly future globalization of the world economy no country is (will be) in a position to enjoy own economic development strategy. I conclude that a virtual-market state is devoid of both political and economic sovereignty and therefore becomes a slave of cybernetic neocolonialism. The impossible trinity of globalization: globalization-political independence –economic independence is an issue to be resolved by new world economic order and the economist’s worldwide if the world prefers to enjoy common benefits of achieved technological progress. I propose that such a successful solution requires a new economic theory and policy.

The international trade policy in the end of the first decade of the XXI century have been strongly affected by the force of the economic c risis. The c hanges are evident i n the growing importance of international trade to national economies and to domestic groups within those economies, in the closer linkages between trade and other international issues. Realistic point is important trends in the global trade regime during the economic crisis. The growing interdependence have led to increased competitiveness and greater temptations to resort to strategic trade policy. In the situation of economic crisis different positions of the member states of the World Trade Organization (WTO) especially developed and developing countries and also USA, the European Union and Japan representatives were observed during the Doha Round of t rade negotiations under t he W TO. T he p roblems o f agriculture protection in the developed countries for example in European Union and USA and also in the developing countries, were becoming a serious obstacle during the negotiations. The decisions taken by the representatives of the governments participating in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) are, to a significant degree, influenced by various lobbies, such as organisations and unions of food producers or other non-governmental organisations, including trade unions. T he p roblems o f m utual r elations b etween t he representatives of governments and those non-governmental organisations which influence on multilateral trade negotiations conducted o n the f orum o f W TO a re a lso t he subject of the analysis in the undertaken research program. Despite the undeniable benefits of the multilateral WTO forum for trade liberalization, the rapid increase of North-South bilateral and multilateral Free Trade Areas (FTAs) begs a systematic explanation for why some forums are prioritized relative t o o thers.

The British administration developed an immense interest in Baluchistan because of its geo-strategic significance. It had a desire to establish buffer states in extreme north-western regions to block the perceived Russian‟s intervention. The British authorities wanted to safeguard a line of communication with Afghanistan via Baluchistan. Their administration‟s efforts to make the Khanate as its vassal state under the treaty of 1841 met a stiff Baloch resistance. After the defeat of the British in the first Anglo- Afghan (War 1842), Kalat‟s independent status was recognized in the treaty of 1854. Afterwards, Closed Border Strategy (1854-72) was worked out towards Baluchistan, which was replaced by forward border policy. The 20th century marked the on-set of the awakening of political consciousness in Baluchistan. Two Baloch icons, Mir Abdul Aziz Kurd and Yusuf Ali Khan Magsi brought an awareness of political issues in the Baloch society. Anjuman-e- Ittehad-e-Balochan wa Baluchistan was founded primarily for struggle to get the administrative unification and constitutional reforms introduced in Baluchistan. The convening of the All- India Baloch conferences was the high-water mark of the Anjuman‟s career. These conferences were Balochistani in character. Though, it was short lived but brought Pashtun and Baloch together to raise united voice for their common home land. The British administration brushed away the reform packages suggested on these occasions. The end of Anjuman-e-Ittehad Balochan wa Balochistan led to the termination of Balochistani politics. Abdus Samad Khan Achakzai laid the foundation of his own political party (Anjuman-e-Watan) in 1938 and affiliated it with All-India National Congress. Kalat State National Party‟s tilt was also towards Indian nationalists and it backed the ideology of undivided India. Its leadership, Mir Anqa, Mir Ghaus Bakhsh Bizinjo and Gul Khan Nasir endeavoured to form representative government in Balochistan. Indeed,

‘Intraference’ is used in this paper as a more economical for Selinker’s “overgeneralization of linguistic materials and semantic features,” Richards and Sampson’s “intralingual interference” and Labov’s “internal principle of linguistic change.” Library research, questionnaires and the record of live linguistic events by educated Nigerians were used to gather data from 2004 to 2013 with a view to establishing morphemic intraference variations between ENEm and SBE. It was found that educated Nigerians overstretch plurality rule, redeploy affixes, clip and blend to fabricate, lexical items that may not be found in SBE and standard dictionaries. These morphological features, which are not necessarily vulgar errors of ignorance, but the outcomes of creativity and level of competence engendered by some psycho-sociolinguistic dynamics, distinguish ENE from SBE and American English.

An essential ingredient is missing in “Art for art’s sake.” That vacuum is the functionality of the art. Art cannot solely be for its own purpose because it is a social creation. A given human society gives birth to its creation and production to reflect on human living conditions, actions, inactions and experiences among other things. For Africa and its people, functional art is the ultimate. An art, which does not only inject its aesthetic values but also teaches moral, transmits cultural values, improves vocabulary pool and heals broken hearts with a view to developing human society, is the kind of creativity or art favourable to Africa sphere. And, by extension, we believe the entire world will benefit from such art in this century, where cultural matters generate serious debates. In this study, we attempt to validate that African literature contributes to the decolonization and the eventual political liberation of African countries by examining the connection between literature and society. Using Sembène Ousmane’s Les bouts de bois de Dieu as platform and adopting sociological criticism as our theoretical framework, the paper concludes that African literature is a panacea to the development of human consciousness and consequent societal advancement.