The complex lives of fishermen are generally not understood outside of the fishing community. The Pedro Bank, the island’s primary fishing area is 80 km south of Jamaica and is source to the largest export of Queen Conch from the Caribbean. Using 154 structured interviews, the mechanisms by which the Pedro fishers, construct their livelihoods derived on the Banks were examined. For the estimated 150 to 1200 Fishers, decision to settle on respective Cays, method of fishing and use of resources from Pedro Bank fishing were all determined by place of origin on mainland Jamaica. 85% of fishers on North East Cay were from rural communities while 65% of Fishers on Middle Cay were from urban communities. 56% of rural fishers and 65% of urban fishers had never fished before arriving at Pedro. Behavioral dynamics and livelihood strategies of the Pedro Bank fishers are critical in developing future management plans.

The main purpose of this study is to determine Information and Communication Technology and persons with special needs in Calabar Municipality in Cross River State, Nigeria. To achieve the purpose of this study, three hypotheses were formulated. Survey research design was adopted for the study. A sample of one hundred and fifty persons with disabilities was randomly selected for the study. The selection was done through the simple random sampling technique. This was to give equal and independent opportunity to all the respondents to be selected for the study. The questionnaire was the major instrument used for data collection. The instrument was subjected to both face and content validation by expert in measurement and evaluation. The reliability estimate of the instrument was established through the test-retest reliability method Pearson product correlation analysis and independent t-test were employed were adopted to test the hypotheses at .05 level of significance. The result of the analysis reveals that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) significantly relate with persons with hearing and hearing impairments. The result also revealed that there is a significant difference between male and female persons with learning disabled on their perception of information and communication technology (ICT).

In this chapter, we concentrate on the study of heat transfer by natural convection in a saturated porous medium with a power law temperature variation on a vertical conical annular porous medium”. In this study Finite Element Method (FEM) has been used to solve the governing partial differential equations. There have been considerable interest in studying natural or buoyancy – induced flows in fluid saturated porous media adjacent to surfaces in recent years. This interest stems from numerous possible industrial and technological applications. Example of some applications include geothermal reservoirs, drying of porous solids, heat exchanger design, petroleum production, filtration, chemical catalytic reactor, nuclear waste repositories, and geophysical flows. The prediction and knowledge of heat transfer rate and temperature distribution from a heated horizontal surface to surrounding ground water in a subsurface environment has important applications in the assessment of geothermal resources and the design of a geothermal power plant.

An experiment was carried out on Cob 500 broiler chickens at Swine and Avian Research Program, Khumaltar, Lalitpur to evaluate the growth performance of broiler chicken fed with normal Vs QPM based diet and with supplementation of synthetic lysine and methionine in both maize for 54 days (16 days starter and 38 days for finisher). The experimental day old birds were procured from Valley Feed, Bajalu, Kathmandu and were allotted into four treatments with three replications having 15 birds in each replication by using Complete Randomized Design (CRD). All experimental birds were vaccinated with F1 vaccine @ one drop / bird against Ranikhet at the first week and vaccinated with IB+ND vaccine against Gumbaro at 2nd and 5th weeks of experiment. Birds of T1 were provided normal maize based diet, T2 normal maize based diet with supplementation of synthetic lysine and methionine, T3 QPM based diet and T4 QPM based diet with supplementation of synthetic lysine and methionine. Concentrate mixture feeding was done on group basis and was provided to the experimental birds of all groups once a day (morning) in adlib amount for both periods (starter – 16 days and finisher – 38 days) of the experiment. Quantity of concentrate mixture given daily to the birds in groups weighed daily and refusal was weighed in the next morning. Experiment revealed that cumulative feed intake was found to be higher in QPM based diet group (5597 g) followed by QPM based diet with supplementation of synthetic lysine and methionine group (5403 g) and normal maize based diet with supplementation with synthetic lysine and methionine group (5377 g). The least feed consumption was recorded for normal maize based diet group (4937 g) which was none significant among diet groups. Similarly, total weight gain was found to be higher for QPM based diet with supplementation of synthetic lysine and methionine group (2180 g) followed by normal maize based diet with supplementation with synthetic lysine and methi

Objectives: The Purpose of this study is to characterize the asites fluid using echo texture and to compare the findings with laboratory results in order to predict the asctis type by imaging methods for ascitic patients. Methods: 53 Patients who underwent Sonography for ascitis between February 2012 and January 2013 were included in the study.The study was implemented in Wad- Medani Military Hospital, Alia Specialist Hospital- Wad-Madani. Wad-medani Teaching Hospital, National Cancer Institute- Wad-Madani and Omdurman Military Hospital .Gray scale Sonography of the abdomen was performed using Aloka SSD- 500 and Honda SSD-500 with frequency (3.5 MHz) convex probe. The scanning was done on longitudinal and transverse scan for abdomen and pelvis.

Accuracy in the estimation of software Effort/Cost is one of the desirable criteria for any software cost estimation model. The estimation of effort or cost before the actual development of any software is the most crucial task of the present day software development project managers. Software project attributes are often measured in terms of linguistic values such as very low, low, Average, high and very high. The imprecise nature of such attributes constitutes uncertainty and vagueness in their subsequent interpretation. In this paper we propose a Fuzzy logic based model for software effort prediction. We feel that fuzzy Software cost estimation Model should be able to deal with imprecision and uncertainty associated with various parameter values. Fuzzy analogy model has been developed and validated upon student data.

The effect of autofrettage process on thick-walled cylinders has been investigated here. It is observed that flow stress distribution along the cylinders remains same for same k values. Comparison with Zhu & Yang’s model has been also done in determination of optimum elasto-plastic radius, ropt and optimum autofrettage pressure, popt. Equivalent von Mises stress is used as yield criterion. It is observed that percentage of reduction of maximum von Mises stress increases as value of k and working pressure increases. Maximum von Mises stress is minimum for lower working pressure at same value of k and autofrettage pressure. Autofrettage process never starts if autofrettage pressure does not exceed working pressure. It is also observed that two limits of autofrettage pressure Py1 & Py2 are not appropriate. Effect of loading stages on autofrettage process is also investigated. As long as the pressures in first and last stage remains constant, there is no effect of loading stages on autofrettage process; no matters how many stages prevails between these two pressures.

Internet userscontinuously make queries over web to obtain required information. They need information about various tasks and sub tasks for which they use search engines. Over a period of time they make plenty of related queries. Search engines save these queries and maintain user’s search histories. Users can view their search histories in chronological order. However, the search histories are not organized into related groups. In fact there is no organization made except the chronological order. Recently Hwang et al. studied the problem of organizing historical search information of users into groups dynamically. This automatic grouping of user search histories can help search engines also in various applications such as collaborative search, sessionization, query alterations, result ranking and query suggestions. They proposed various techniques to achieve this. In this paper we implemented those techniques practically using a prototype web application built in Java technologies. The experimental results revealed that the proposed application is useful to organize search histories.

This study was done to evaluate the lumbar lordotic angle (LLA) in patients with inter vertebral disc prolapse examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using Cobb’s method. This study was conducted at Antalya Medical center and Elnilin Medical Center and extended from November 2012 up to March 2013. Total sample of 62 Sudanese subjects were included in the study, with ages ranging between (24-80 years), 50 of the total sample were 25 males and 25 females underwent MR lumbar scan and were diagnosed to have inter vertebral disc prolapse at different vertebral levels, the remaining 12 were diagnosed as normal lumbar spine and they were considered as control group. Measurement of (LLA) was done from the mid-sagittal slice of T2 MRI lumbar spine using Cobb’s method; by drawing a perpendicular line to a line drawn across the superior endplate of first lumbar vertebra and the superior endplate of first sacral vertebra; the angle formed by the intersection of the two perpendicular lines is the Cobb angle or lumbar lordotic angle. The Cobb angle and inter vertebral disc prolapse level were then correlated with Gender, age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and jobs to demonstrate if there is any degree of association. The study concluded that Cobb angle and Disc prolapse levels have no significant relation with job, height, weight, age and BMI, no significant difference was detected between Cobb angle of the normal subjects and patients with prolapsed disc and the results did not differ among male and female patients. Using MRI in the detection of vertebral morphological changes and end plates degeneration is recommended since it involves no ionizing radiation and has excellent demarcation of disc prolapse. The dependence upon the Cobb angle in diagnoses of disc prolapse is of no significant value.

An experiment was carried out on fifteen growing female goats (50% Barberi 6, Kiko 6 and Khari 6) at the Agriculture Research Station (Goat), Bandipur for 90 days. Female goats of an average six months age and of body weight 7.82 kg were allocated into three groups having five animals in each group by using Complete Randomized Design (CRD). For T1 and T2 concentrate mixture was composed by using procured feed ingredients with 16% crude protein level while T3 was fed with commercial feed. Experimental animals of T1 group was provided forest mixed fodder (adlib) + formaldehyde treated sesame cake included concentrate mixture @ 1.5% of body weight, T2 group was provided forest mixed fodder (adlib) + sesame cake included concentrate mixture @ 1.5% of body weight whereas T3 was provided forest mixed fodder (adlib) + commercial concentrate mixture @ 1.5% of body weight. Experiment revealed that higher intake of concentrate feed was recorded for T3 (139.79 g) followed by T2 (123.1 g) and T1 (116.36 g) which was highly significant (P<0.001) among diet groups. Similarly, fodder intake was noted significantly higher (P<0.001) among diet groups (1425.1 g, 1422.5 g and 1321.4 g for T2, T1 and T3, respectively). Feed intake of different genotypes of goats was found to be non-significant whereas fodder intake was found to be significant (P<0.05) among goat breeds. In addition, feed conversion ratio per kg body weight gain was observed higher for T3 (13.25:1) followed by T2 (12.52:1) and T1 (11.91:1). Likewise, daily crude protein intake was found higher for T2 (82.59 g) followed by T1 (81.4 g) and T3 (79.13g) whereas crude protein expenditure per kg weight gain was found to be higher in T3 (1.6 kg) followed by T2 (1.52 kg) and T1 (1.44 kg) which was none significant among diet groups. Initial body weight of T1, T2 and T3 was 7.55 kg, 8.0 kg and 7.9 kg, respectively that reached 12.95 kg, 12.65 kg and 12.25 kg during 90 days of experiment for T1, T2 and T3, respectively. Both init