The field of NDT is a very broad, interdisciplinary field that plays a critical role in inspecting that structural component and systems perform their function in a reliable fashion. Certain standards has been also implemented to assure the reliability of the NDT tests and prevent certain errors due to either the fault in the equipment used, the miss application of the methods or the skill and the knowledge of the inspectors. Successful NDT tests allow locating and characterizing material conditions and flaws that might otherwise cause planes to crash, reactors to fail, trains to derail, pipelines to burst, and variety of less visible, but equally troubling events. However, these techniques generally require considerable operator skill and interpreting test results accurately may be difficult because the results can be subjective. This paper presents the reviews of different works in the area of NDT and tries to find out latest developments and trends available in industries and other fields in order to minimize the total equipment cost, minimize damages and maximize the safety of machines, structures and materials

Organizations may have had the experience of hiring a person who seemed just right during the interview process and then wondered why problems arose or the person just “didn’t work out.” What starts as a rational process may be finalized by a hiring decision based on a “hunch.” This is not to suggest that the proper hiring decision is devoid of subjective aspects, since it is important that the new person be able to work well with you. However, you will end up with fewer problems if the hiring process is carefully thought out and followed. This writing suggests a hiring process and its elements. The recommended guidelines should enable you and others involved in the process to improve your hiring average and build a more successful company.

In Part II of our study, the authors deal with the myriad of legal issues that pervade the franchise relationship. Of particular interest are the differences between the sale of a franchise and the sale of a security; an analysis of the elements of the critical Franchise Disclosure Document (FDD); a detailed look at the franchise contract; some “special protections” available to automobile dealers and petroleum dealers in the United States; and the relationship between franchising and U.S. antitrust law (which provides a fertile area of litigation between franchisors and franchisees). The purpose of Part II is to inform the franchisee about the issues that will require professional attention by a competent and well-versed franchise contract advisor and legal expert.

This paper is focused on the Problems of Self Help Groups. Women constitute nearly half of the rural population in India and play a vital role in Rural Economy. It is necessary for programmes specially targeted for a woman has been emphasized. As a result of the poverty alleviation scheme, such Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), Training of Rural Youth for Self-employment (TRYSEM) and Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) have been initiated. Self Help Groups are voluntary associations for the poor who come together to improve their socio-economic conditions. For that they start the various business transactions. While doing their business Self Help Groups are facing many problems like, to find the marketing potential, poor product packaging, Lack of materials, machines and equipments, getting the loan from bank, repayment of the loan, continuity, lack of awareness and Marketing their products etc., This study analyse the marketing problems faced by the self help groups of Coimbatore district.

As one of the biggest challenges of auditing firms is to determine the auditing fees, evaluating the factors effective on their remunerations is of high importance. The final results of this research show a meaningful relationship between the firm’s size (scale), tenure (ownership) and consultancy services with the auditing fee.

In this paper, we present a system to control home appliances from a computer. The system is designed for controlling the ON/OFF mode of different home appliances such as light, fan, TV, air-condition and so on. The appliances are connected to a computer through a programmed PIC16F73 microcontroller. An USB interface is used to connect the microcontroller with a computer. The program for the PIC16F73 has been written in micro C language. All the commands are carried out from a software layout running on a computer to control the home appliances.

In many countries around the world, including Nigeria, access to potable water has become a mirage. Exploitation of groundwater through the construction of handdug wells is a major source of drinking water for majority of the populace. The need to assess the quality of water from this source to ascertain the role of well construction methods has now become imperative because of the health impacts on individuals. Random surveys of three classifications of handdug wells were done between June and October 2010, in Ibadan, Nigeria. One hundred and one (101) hand-dug well were selected. A standard form was used for capturing data used for the classification of the wells into protected, semi protected and unprotected. Standard laboratory methods were employed for the analysis of electrical conductivity, pH, Temperature, Chlorides, Nitrate, E. coli and Total Coliform Count. Results show that Nitrate concentration, E. Coli and Total Coliform Count are more pronounced in wells that are installed close to domestic refuse waste, abattoir, Pit latrine, stagnant water and drainages. The pronounced concentrations decreased with increasing distance from the pollution sources irrespective of well classification. Protected wells gave better water quality relative to semi protected and unprotected wells. The paper recommends regular monitoring of groundwater quality, abolishment of unhealthy waste disposal practices and regulation of self supply well construction and design.

In this work we analyses IR development of Serbian and Croatian companies listed on stock markets which are within indices Belex 15, BelexLine (Belgrade Stock Exchange) and Crobex (Zagreb Stock Exchange). Our results indicate that IR techniques have diffused from countries following the Anglo-American economic model to The Western Balkan’s countries. Serbia and Croatia have adopted laws and regulations in order to facilitate the establishment of stock markets. These new regulatory regimes have largely been influenced by the EU especially for countries gaining or planning to gain membership. The emergence of IR practices and IR departments in the Serbia and Croatia contributes to the development of corporate governance structures and market transparency. This exploratory study suggests that further research using a larger sample to enable statistical testing of disclosure theories relevant to IR is desirable. There is also a possibility for more qualitative case study or research to provide further insight into the topic. Potential also exists for studies of the diffusion of IR in the other Western Balkan’s countries (Montenegro, Macedonia, Bosnia and Hertzegovina, Slovenia, Bulgaria etc.) and the newly emerging economies of BRICS countries (Brazil, India, China and South Africa).

This paper seeks to make an informed contribution to the ensuing debate on the real significance of microfinance as a strategic instrument for poverty reduction with particular reference to the empowerment of women in developing countries. Most women in these countries are faced with certain challenges which hinder the realisation of their full potential of capabilities. After a review of pertinent literature on microfinance and women empowerment, inferences are drawn for subsequent conclusion from a case study of women involved in the operations of the Opportunity International Savings and Loans Limited (OISL), a microfinance institution in the Techiman Municipality in Ghana. A census survey of the target group was intended but the practical realities of capture covered a high of 90 out of the total of 116 women beneficiaries representing a coverage of 77 percent at confidence level of 95 percent with an acceptable 0.05 margin of error.

Reversible logic is emerging as an important research area in the recent years due to its ability to reduce the power dissipation, which is the main requirement in low power digital design. Energy dissipation is proportional to the number of bits lost during computation. The reversible circuits do not lose information and can generate unique outputs from specified inputs and vice versa. It has application in diverse fields such as low power CMOS design, optical information processing, cryptography, quantum computation and nanotechnology. This paper proposes a reversible design of an 8 -bit arithmetic processor. The architecture of the processor has been proposed, in which, each block is realized using reversible logic gates. The important blocks of the processor are control unit, arithmetic and logical unit and register file. Each module has been coded using Verilog then simulated using Modelsim and prototyped in Xilinx-Spartan 3E.