This paper contains the general introduction to our study. The research is expected to discuss the background of study which highlights what marketing and relationship marketing is, and its emergence as a strategy by Igbo SMEs in Nigeria. The research will go further to discuss our statement of problems, the research questions, research hypotheses, objectives of the study, significance and scope of the study, and the foreseeable limitations of the study. The significance and research questions form the basis of the hypotheses formulated. It reviewed the relevant literature in Relationship Marketing and Small Scale Industry in Nigeria. The Questionnaires analysed and conclusions are Reco-mmendations were made based on findings on the field such recommendations will help to improve the Roles that relationship marketing plays in the affairs of SME development in Nigeria.

Congestion control is a vital issue in computer networks, especially the Internet. It has always been one of the basic subjects in the field of research. According to the increasing number on the Internet users, its function and services, the traffic of the Internet is highly being increased. By developing in technology however, capacity of data transferring is increasing; but all these developments do not guarantee the utilization of the Internet when it faces traffic overload. For this reason, improvement in congestion control mechanism is a matter that guarantees the utilization of the Internet and lost against network overload. We believe that this issue can be evaluated in accordance with the theories in economy science. The main goal of these theories is to maximize public welfare for people in the society. On the other hand, economy is also the best mathematical tool in order to help recognize hidden dependencies among different network demanding. On this base, we have designed an economical system to give initial services for networkers by early servers. In this system, the width of the band needed for each service proposed as goods. Early servers and their contributors play the role of producers, and all the users are consumers. Proposed algorithm is paved in NS-2 simulated networks and has been compared with XCP and TCP algorithms. The results of this simulation show the success of the proposed way in high utilization and less packet losing.

The need for alternative sources of energy is of vital importance in the present time when the world’s non-renewable energy sources are rapidly getting depleted. The reason for this depletion is that humans are utilizing the energy at a much faster rate than is being produced. Additionally, in some cases, it is inevitable that the primary source of certain forms of energy will just get exhausted. Clearly this is a problem that requires a lot of attention and it becomes imperative that effective solutions are devised. Solar energy is one such alternative form. It is renewable, environment friendly, easily available and free of cost. One major drawback is that solar energy is available for use only during the day. Hence it becomes necessary that a way is found by which we can utilize solar energy even during the absence of the Sun. This project attempts to do just that. The objective of this project is to utilize solar energy during the day and store some of the unused energy for use at night. There are two ways in which thermal energy can be stored, the first being via the sensible heat of a material and the second being via the latent heat. Of course, it is possible that a combination of the two is also used. Additionally, due to the plethora of applications of solar energy, this project limits the use of solar energy for cooking purposes only. This project employs a parabolic trough collector to capture solar energy and phase change materials to store that energy. The captured energy is then retrieved when required during the night. Finally, the effectiveness of the project is determined by the maximum surface temperature achieved on the cooking unit due to the energy extracted from the Phase Change Material (PCM). After conducting the experiment, a water boiling test was performed on the flat plate cooking unit. From the results, it was concluded that Lauric acid can be effectively used as a phase change material for solar cooking application. Cooking using sola

Green car is not a new word to discuss in India now due to publication of many papers in the area of Environment and in the subject of green marketing. The term green has been discussed a lot by the researchers in many conferences and seminars but it is yet to be practiced by the publishers or by the consumers in India. The green cars have been manufactured in other developed countries and are very well received by the customers. Some of the manufacturers in India have made an attempt of manufacturing green cars for Indian market, anticipating the demand but they are yet to create a niche for themselves and EFC (Environment Friendly Car). Author has made an attempt to understand as to what is the problem with the Indian market for accepting the green car. The problems could be many but the basic problem which has been identified during the study lies with the customers who are aware of what the green car means to them and also on the part of policy makers.

The aim of this study has been to identify Human- Computer Interaction (HCI) design methods and techniques for the development of cross-platform e-commerce websites that can be used on multiple devices with different screen sizes and web browsers. The findings presented here are based on a theoretical framework consisting of three categorizations: composition, continuity and consistency. The framework was implemented with the aid of a case study and a prototype implementation that adapts to the user context. The development of the prototype was based on the evaluation of existing e-commerce websites. Identified usability issues were readability and the fact that tasks should be dependent on the user context. The overall results of this study are presented as a set of usability guidelines for cross-platform e-commerce, which highlight the importance of identifying the users’ needs as well as the context in which they operate, by offering a common set of functionality between devices and using device specific input mechanisms.

The main objective of this ‘Review Article’ was to determine the demographic impact on the Intention to leave of academicians in the higher educational institutions of the developing countries (DCs). The development and achi-evements of any institution generally depends upon its workforce. So that, ITL is the major challenge for HEIs and has some lasting effects in this regard. It is vital for the education sector to have information of the impact of some demographic variables on the employee’s ITL for the improvement in the professional and academic status of the academicians. Employee’s ITL is one of the major concerns for HEIs among many others. Number of studies has already been conducted to recognize the various dimensions of the ITL. The purpose of the current research is to investigate the impact of demographic variables on the ITL among the academicians. In this study, we developed a “Theoretical Framework”, in which the demographics (age, gender, marital status, qualification, designation, department, domicile and experience) were the independent variables and intention to leave was the dependent variable.

here is a view that investor who want to make investment in stock exchange should make a decision maximize their wealth. For this purpose the investor not only want to know which factor will impact the return but also want to understand the relative weight of various factors level, and which sub factor will impact more for giving factors. So they analyze all relevant factors while making decision that affect the return from investment in future. Variation in stock market return was determined by various theories. It was started with Sharp (1964), Linter (1965), Black (1972) who present Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) which shows how to be related between the average return of stock and market risk factor. Other researcher did not agree because there is other factor more than one factor. Many anomalies have been identified in CAPM. Base (1977) finds high earning to price (E/P) ratio companies having higher return than low earning to price ratio. Bans (1981) told small stock outperform than large stock. Stuntman (1980) argued that company with high book to market value outperforms companies with low book to market value.

Favour, Ebele and Blessing my little kids wakes me up in the morning with their favourite political jingles “ATIKU DEY COME OO, BETTER DEY COME, OR GOODLUCK TO EVERYBODY, GOODLUCK TO NIGERIA. In the past it was popular to hear on the march again, M.K.O. is our choice oo. With precision, the adverts of the Nigerian Republican Congress State “One wrong vote, takes us 100 steps back” free has a price” Beware there is a trap somewhere, or the social Democratic Party’s slogan “Enough is Enough, Don’t allow, the nations wealth to be flown away again, vote SDP. Should Education be so expensive, should Housing be this indecent? vote SDP. In politics as in advertising, Nigeria seems to have adopted the United states of America and the united kingdom as a model. The marriage of Advertising and Politics is becoming more pronounced in Nigeria (Moemeke 1992). The Nigerian electorate is getting more politically enlightened and those seeking elective offices are also becoming more sophisticated (Oyovbare 1992). There is then the need for a proper education on political marketing and Advertising. Marketing, public relations and Advertising are very important tools in packaging of politicians, their parties and programmes from the perspective of the electorate. The use of marketing and Advertising is taking firm root in the political process of Nigeria. How did the advertising firms and marketing practitioners package Barak Obama or David Cameron? How did old Jimmy Carter defeat Gerald Ford, an incumbent? This is purely because of the superior power and use of Marketing and Advertising. This paper explores briefly the political history of Nigeria explains the concepts of political Advertising, and political meaning, and advocates how marketing, marketing communication strategies, Advertising and Advertising research can assist politicians in the electoral processes of seeking the votes mandate. It also briefly explains the usefulness of marketing and advertising and co

We suggest a new framework for assessing and improvement of environmental management and strategies in agri-business incorporating interdisciplinary New Institutional Economics. It includes: specification of “managerial needs” and spectrum of governance modes of eco-management at different level of decision-making; specification of critical socio-economic, natural, technological, behavioral etc. factors of managerial choice, and feasible spectrum of (private, collective, public, international) managerial strategies; assessment of efficiency of diverse management strategies taking into account the potential to protect eco-rights and investments, assure desirable level of environmental conservation and improvement, minimize overall (implementing, third-party, transaction etc.) costs, coordinate and stimulate eco-activities, meet preferences and reconcile conflicts of individuals etc.

Employee Commitment – Investor in People Model Kazi Afaq Ahmed General Manager Administration and Legal Green Star Social Marketing, Pakistan&Prof. (Meritorious) Dr. Abuzar Wajidi Dean, Faculty of Management and Administrative Sciences University of KarachiAbstract: The performance of the organization is directly impacted by level of Employees Commitment”. The “Employee Commitment” –Investors in People (IIP) Model was selected as the reference sample for this study. The IIP model emerged in UK and is being successfully implemented in the western countries. Lot of prior research has been carried out across the world on IIP however no research work is done to test the validity of this model in developing countries like Pakistan. As per IIP, the employee commitment is dependent variable of four independent variables i.e employee contribution recognition, support people development, equality of opportunities and encourages performance improvement. This study was based on the hypothesis that” IIP said employee commitment variables are secondary and tertiary motivators and are not workable in Pakistan unless primary needs of the employees are fulfilled”. The research study conducted in group of sample organizations comprising of multinational and local private organizations has confirmed the above hypothesis. The research findings concludes that “Fair and Equitable Compensation & Benefits”, Decent Work Environment, and People Development are key elements for firing up Employee Commitment”, in developing countries like Pakistan. The research findings and recommendations will help local entrepreneurs to improve productivity; quality of output and retaining highly motivated and charged workforce committed to improve organizational performance.Key words: Employee Commitment, Investors in People (IIP), Compensation & Benefit, Decent Work Environment, People Development, Organizational Performance IntroductionProblem statement: The emerging cha