The drawback of lean operation with ethanol is a reduced power output. Lean operation of ethanol fuelled engines has additional drawbacks. Lean mixtures are hard to ignite, despite the mixture being above the low fire (point) limit of the fuel. This result in misfire, which increases unburned hydrocarbon emissions, reduces performance and wastes fuel. Hydrogen can be used in conjunction with ethanol provided it is stored separately. Mixing hydrogen with oxygenated hydrocarbon fuel like ethanol reduces all of these drawbacks. Hydrogen’s low ignition energy limit and high burning speed makes the hydrogen-ethanol mixture easier to ignite, reducing misfire and thereby improving emissions, performance and fuel economy. This paper involves generating the simulation software that provides the mole fraction of each of the exhaust species when the hydrogen is burnt along with ethanol. The proportion of hydrogen in the hydrogen–ethanol blend affecting the mole fraction of the exhaust species is also simulated. The program code developed gave reasonably good results for the present hydrogen-ethanol dual fuel. At low and high percentages of hydrogen and during transition between ethanol and hydrogen the model predictions are not very clear. The best results were obtained for for a combination of 80% hydrogen and 20% ethanol by volume.

The present study deals with comparative evaluation of hepatoprotective activities of Melia azedarach Linn, Catharanthus Rosea and Brassica oleracea L.var.capitata ethanolic leaves extracts against simvastatin induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Hepatotoxicity in rats was induced by simvastatin (20 mg/kg p.o. for 30 days) and the protective effect of Melia azedarach Linn, Catharanthus Rosea and Brassica oleracea L.var.capitata (300 mg/kg/p.o. and 500 mg/kg/p.o.) was identified by estimating marker enzymes. Simvastatin treated rats shows significant changes in biochemical parameters i.e. increases in Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT), Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT), Alanine Phosphatase (ALP), Serum bilirubin and decrease in Total proteins content, which were restored towards normalization in extracts treated rats. The results revealed that the ethanolic extracts of Melia azedarach Linn, and Brassica oleracea L.var.capitata (300 mg/kg/p.o. and 500 mg/kg/p.o.) exhibited potent hepatoprotective activity than Catharanthus Rosea. The hepatoprotective effect of extracts was further confirmed by histopathological studies of liver, which shows normal architecture of liver cell than compared with hepatotoxicant group. Possible mechanism for hepatoprotective activity may be due to free radical scavenging potential in extracts.

Medicinal plants, is a common word which can utter in every one’s mouth that are helpful in treating many diseases which can’t be done by even allopathic medicine. Among those the birth control and at the same time increasing the fertility in human beings are both become major problems now a days. This review presents updated information gathered on scientifically proved medicinal plants used for anti-fertility activity. This study provides the information on botanical name, family, parts used, solvents used and their chemical constituents present in plants. In spite of rapid progress and spread of modern medicine and surgery, faith in and popularity of traditional methods has not decreased. There are a large number of studies which supports the anti-fertility effects of traditional herbal medicines. The aim of this review is to highlight the work on anti-fertility of plant origin. The present paper also involves various plant drugs and their bioactive extracts involved in anti-fertility mechanism. This article may help investigators to identify medicinal plants responsible for anti-fertility activity.

The Communication in Science Inquiry Project (CISIP) investigated the impact of writing intensive, inquiry based professional development on high school teachers’ science content knowledge of Energy in Systems. In particular, we investigated whether different forms of assessment provided different information about the depth of teacher knowledge. We developed a two-tier Energy Test, linked to both national and state science standards, which was administered both before and after science teacher particip-ation in 23 hours of professional development on energy in biological and societal systems. Our study found that we were successful in relaying content knowledge to the teachers. When we analyzed misconceptions in distracter choices and written responses on the same test, however, we found we were successful in some areas, but not in others. The application of knowledge gained about energy in systems through writing scientific explanations was the least successful of all.

Integral transform, fractional integral transform is a flourishing filed of active research due to its wide range of application. Fourier transform, fractional Fourier transform is probably the most intensively studied among all fractional transforms, similarly 2D canonical sine-sine transforms, and 2D canonical cosine-cosine is a powerful mathematical tool for processing images. In this paper the canonical 2D sine-sine transform is define in generalized sense. And various testing functions spaces defined by using Gelfand-shilov technique. Also uniqueness theorem, modulation theorems are proved.

The Public Distribution System in India is 50 years old. At present it is being carried on as an anti-inflationary and antipoverty system. Tamil Nadu, the southernmost State in the country, is adopting the Universal Public Distribution System covering its entire population and supplying regularly rice, wheat, sugar, kerosene and other products like pulses, edible oil etc. The PDS is a centrally sponsored scheme that entitles beneficiaries to subsidized food grains every month. Several challenges have been identified in the implementation of PDS like (i) Targeting errors (ii) Large leakages or diversion (iii) The elimination of bogus cards and (iv) The problems in Fair Price Shops. This paper analyses and evaluates the problems and finds the possible solutions using the data mining techniques based on preprocessing and clustering. The K-means and K-harmonic means algorithms are combined to cluster the data based on the type of food commodities for rice and wheat.

A finite element model of bones with accurate geometry and material properties generated in CAD softwares are being widely used to make realistic investigations on the mechanical behavior of bone structures. The aim of this study is to create a model of real proximal human femur bone for evaluating the finite element analysis (FEA) and investigate the use of Ti6Al4V and Al2O3/Al FGM for artificial femur. Here, behavior of femur bone is analyzed in ANSYS 13 workbench under physiological load conditions and compared with artificial femur composed of Ti6Al4V and Al2O3/Al FGM. The CAD model was imported in Ansys 13.0 workbench, meshed and analysed in Ansys mechanical APDL workbench under the loading conditions. It was found that both material are suitable for artificial bone material. Human femur with Al2O3/Al FGM showed better mechanical properties and less weight compared to Ti6Al4V. In the biological environment, the demands of biomaterials are challenging. This study will be useful to surgeon in femur surgeries and bone prosthesis. These better synthetic bone substitutes will most probably be commercially available for orthopaedic applications in the near future.

The relationships between Laplace and Fourier transformations are studied very closely. It is observed that Fourier transformation can be obtained from Laplace transformation but the reverse is not true. Based on this, a generic mathematical analysis leads to an expression relating Laplace transformation to Fourier transformation. Further mathematical analysis from that expression leads to something quite new: The Discrete Version of Laplace transformation, which the author calls sigma (σ) transformation.

The purpose of this research is to develop a novel liposome-mediated system for delivery of expression plasmid into specific regions in the rat brain..Complexes of plasmid DNA and different liposome were prepared in phase 1 of the study.The composition , method of preparation were varied and the physico-chemical characterization of the different systems were investigated two different methods of preparation were used, in the first method the liposome were prepared simultaneously with the DNA entrapped into the liposome and in the second method, the liposome were prepared first and then complexes with the DNA were performed.The liposome formulations were composed of DOTAP:Cholesterol; and DC-Chol:DOPE and different lipid helpers .The particle size of liposomes prepared with DNA entrapped into the liposome were larger than those prepared with liposome-DNA complexation.All liposome formulations were spherical, uniform in size and have smooth surface.In vitro DNase digestionexperiments demonstrated that liposome protect 60-80% plasmid DNA from DNase digestion.The plasmid:DNA lmediated liposomecan be widely prepared, have less risk than the use of viral vectors, can protect DNA fron DNase digestion, none toxic and therefore can be used repeatedly in vivo.

This study aimed to studythe mastoid air cells diseases and their complications using spiral CT, it was conducted in Alfaisal Specialized hospital and Ibn Elhaitham Diagnostic center in the period between September 2012 to January 2013, Hundred patients of different ages and different genderswho weresuspected of havingmastoid air cells pathologies underwent Spiral CT scanof theirtemporal bones using 4MDSCT (Toshiba medical system),thenthe scanning was done with collimation of (1-2) mm, 2mm slice thickenings,120 Kvp ,160 MA and 1 second rotation time. after thatThe results were confirmed that the mastoid air cells diseases were very common and they had serious complications, (The diseases of mastoditis and mastoditis with CSOM had higher frequency (83 pts among 100 pts).and they had pathological changes of anatomical structures of the temporal bones which contains organs of hearing and balance). Finally the study has found that Spiral CT scan is an effective imaging modality in studying of mastoid air cells diseases and their complications. Also it was more affective to explain the complex anatomical structures of the temporal bones and to know the pathological changes within it