The concern of humanity is the need to tackle the increasing challenges of severe degradation of the forest ecosystem and its resources. The study examined the critical role of forest tree species in indigenous farming systems on the management of forest resources in the rainforest villages of Cross River State, Nigeria. The participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) method, household questionnaire survey, field inventory and measurement were used to generate the required data. The data were analyzed using statistics such as simple percentage, mean, standard deviation, tables, graphs, charts and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The study result indicated that the practice of tree felling during land preparation for farming is a minority attribute of the study population. 69.91 percent of the people allow trees on farmlands during land clearance, while 31.09% are found in tree-felling.

The traditional multi-bitstream approach to the heterogeneity issue is very constrained and inefficient under multi bit rate applications. The multi bitstream coding techniques allow partial decoding at a various resolution and quality levels. Several scalable coding algorithms have been proposed in the international standards over the past decade, but these former methods can only accommodate relatively limited decoding properties. To achieve efficient coding during image coding the multi resolution compression technique is been used. To exploit the multi resolution effect of image, wavelet transformations are devolved. Wavelet transformation decompose the image coefficients into their fundamental resolution, but the transformed coefficients are observed to be non-integer values resulting in variable bit stream. This transformation result in constraint bit rate application with slower operation. To overcome stated limitation, hierarchical tree based coding were implemented which exploit the relation between the wavelet scale levels and generate the code stream for transmission.

Entrepreneurship is of dominant partner in supporting economic development of any countries. In case of developing countries, entrepreneurship plays vital role in creating jobs by the way boosting the economic development. Government and non government supports for entrepreneurship education and establishment through microfinance were culminated in success. In Sri Lanka, universities are the higher educational institution running well organized entrepreneurial qualifications. Nonetheless, undergraduates’ perception towards entrepreneurship is of conundrum and intriguing. This scholarship is thus investigating the relationship between psychological characteristics and entrepreneurial inclination among undergraduates. Data for this study were collected through structured questionnaire within the cross sectional research design and the subjects were made up of 100 students where convenient sampling techniques was adopted.

This paper was to identify underlying factors in a collected data set that represent to indicate to the performance of small scale industries from Sri Lanka. The analysis based on the owner/ managers who responded to a questionnaire survey conducted on sample of small scale industries in Vavuniya district of the Sri Lanka. Initially, exploratory factor analysis has generated five factor solutions. In order to confirm reliability of factor, Cronbach’s alpha was used and finally, five factors were extracted with high reliability and named: Customer Satisfaction with Managing Change, Growth at Business and Income Level, Growth in Profitability, Growth in Turnover, Growth in Number of Employees. However, it is recommended to test the overall validity (content/face/discriminant) of the factor structure and to carry on confirmatory factor analysis to confirm the obtained factor structure with the large set of data.

Contrary to the predictions that wars would become obsolete in the post-Cold War world, they rather shifted dramatically from inter-state to increasingly intra-state manifestations. The world since then has become racked by ethnic and nationalist violence. The tragedies and gruesome atrocities concomitant with these eruptions have pushed the imperative for humanitarian intervention to the fore of contemporary international politics and practice, provoking a shift on the international right and necessity of using military force to protect civilians within sovereign states. A novel acceptance has now made its foray into the international scene, which is of emblematic significance for the evolving international humanitarian regime, that a war against a sovereign state can be initiated and justified on humanitarian grounds. The task of situating the imperative for armed humanitarian intervention within the context of the compelling nature and character of the post-Cold War conflicts engages the concern of this study. The paper posits that notwithstanding the fluidity of the concept, chances of misuse and the abounding probabilities of abuse in its practice, humanitarian intervention have in this age, carved a niche for itself, given the bloodbaths and horrendous genocidal incidences that have both wrecked and defined the post-Cold War world.

To record the existing herbaceous biomass diversity of Tehsil Takht-e-Nasrati, Pakistan, field surveys were regularly conducted in spring, summer and winter 2009-2010. There was an increasing inclination of Biomass as of spring to winter. However, the collective amount of grasses and herbs Biomass (426.5 Kg.hec-1) was significantly higher during spring at Stand 1 as compared to other seasons and Stands. The average grasses and herbs Biomass was decreasing with increasing altitude. The herb Biomass was high (730 Kg.hec-1) during spring at Stand 1 and low during summer (194 Kg.hec-1) at Stand 4. The grass Biomass was high during summer (173 Kg.hec-1) at Stand 3 and less during winter (74 Kg.hec-1) at Stand 1. The total herb mean Biomass was greater during spring (536.30 Kg.hec-1) while the grass had (129.9 Kg.hec-1) during summer. The total average Biomass was high at Stand 1 (262.58 Kg.hec-1). The total mean and average Biomass of Tehsil Takht-e-Nasrati was 223.23 Kg.hec-1. The Biomass of herbs helps to conserve the bio energy, chemical constituents and heat in existing area.

Solar trackers are used to improve electric power radically of photovoltaic panel by using different sensor. The sensors retrieve the solar radiation. This paper presents a simple method, low cost microcontroller based solar tracker of two ways of rotating freedom in order to achieve the right positioning of photovoltaic solar cell to get the much sunlight during the day light session and as a result produce more electricity. This tracking system is developed with two direct current motor operated by a PIC16F72 microcontroller which processes the sensors (LDR) information by its internal ADCanalog to digital converter with Fuzzy logic and send correct information to motor controller IC-LM392D by which motor is operated. The motor is so operated that the panel can rotates two ways such as horizontally and vertically of its direction. A comparison has been made on a conventional solar follower plant and trucking system.

A study was performed from September 2009 to August 2011 to identify the major challenges and prospects of village-based exotic chicken production in Amahara Regional State. In this study ,village chickens were found raised mainly for income generation (76.0%) and home consumption (14.5%).The exotic chickens in this study were kept in scavenging type (61.5%) feeding with seasonal supplementation of grain .Among the maim problems related to poultry feed preparation are less availability of feed ingredients (48%) both in quality and quantity. It was found that individuals engaged in chicken rearing activities had higher preference for LOH (27%) than RIR (22.0%) breeds. But RIR breeds (52.5%) were more adapted the existing environmental conditions than LOH breeds. About 81.5% of respondents were found able to construct separate chicken houses and 94% of the respondents have incriminated disease as the most important constraint for chicken production. The overall mortality rate of distributed exotic chickens in the three agro-climatic zones of Amahara regional State was 45.00%. The mortality rate of LOH breed of chicken (29.34%) was found higher than that of RIR (16.18% ). There was also statically significant difference (p<0.05) in mortality rates between the two breeds of chicken. The present study indicated that the exotic chickens distributed in mid-altitude areas were with low mortality rates than high and low-altitude areas. Therefore, the bureau should fill the gaps with respect of inputs like identifying areas where exotic chickens adapt more, extension services and health and feeding packages for better implementation of the strategy.

Slippage of projects particularly in the water and infrastructure sector is a common occurrence. The activity networking techniques initiated in the USA in the 1950s gained large popularity. This was followed by introduction of computer and numerous software on network analysis aiming at effective project control. While these techniques are helpful the real problem of controlling the project slippage still remains largely unsolved. The author is involved in further research in this area. It is felt that arresting project slippage would be largely possible with improvisation and innovation of the techniques already in use. The shortcomings are not so much on the available methods but on their effective application to derive the desired result. An effective control comes from the management process – the individuals, the team and the implementation of proper controls and procedures.

The present study attempts to contribute to the knowledge of how intellectual property protection can improve student satisfaction in online courses? After the comprehensive literature review and demonstration of online student satisfaction concepts, the paper has reduced, classified and compared the data. The results reflects that the intellectual property protection is one of the latent factors in online student satisfaction assessment and this study should be enhanced by doing a descriptive research in a larger scale.