If there were animminent threat to the integrity of African states, it would be the possibility of a group or region breaking away. Ironically, secession is one threat which few African governments want to acknowledge exists because implies giving tacit recognition to the most reprehensible behavior any group or a region can perpetrate against the state. Pursuing such policy of not acknowledging the threat of succession has come at a price, since it has made governments woefully unprepared to address an actual secession effectively when it occurs. African governments’ lackadaisical response to the menace of secession is not only bad policy but also counter-intuitive. The haphazard manner in which European powers spliced the continent into colonies makes every country vulnerable to potentially splitting up for myriad of reasons including a simple disagreement between a region and the central government. This paper makes the assertion that a region breaking away is such an imminent threat to African countries that governments need to pay attention and commit resources to address its causes. Mali splintering into halves in 2012 shows the imminency of the threat of secession and the unpredictable causes that may precipitate such as event. The paper analyzes Katanga, Biafra and South Sudan breaking up to underscore the unpredictably of events which may cause a country to break up.

A cellular network serve the high service demands of the indoor users it is very expensive to obtain macrocell coverage which results in requirement of new methods to solve problem of high capacity indoor coverage femto cell is one of the solutions. Deployment of femto cell networks embedded into macro cell coverage improves the coverage, capacity and quality of service in indoor environments. Due to its ad-hoc nature, the information about its density and location is not known a-priori. As femtos and macros share the same licensed spectrum, interference is one of the major problems observed and has to be mitigated. In this paper two existing channel allocation schemes such as opportunistic channel allocation scheme and orthogonal channel allocation scheme are discussed and their performance is compared to the proposed Max-SINR scheme. To reduce the interference further a self-organized and intelligent resource allocation is also proposed .Parameter such as average SINR experienced by each femto user is calculated by varying the percentage of active Femto cells in a network. Simulation results are carryout using MATLAB.

In this research work we have concentrate to measure the primary education status in Bangladesh, a developing country of South Asia. It known that the literacy rate of South Asian country is very slow and it is not the different in Bangladesh. Here we measure the dropout rate of primary school kids at different classes at different sessions. We have collected the data from various primary schools from Chittagong region of Bangladesh. Here we use K –Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm to classify the data from irrelevant data like secondary school and tertiary level data. After then we have applied Neural Network (NN) to train the data set for better result. Finally we have compared the result by calculating the result with Bayesian Network (BN). Here we found that if the dropout rate is small Neural Network is best to measure the result and NN generate more error when the dropout rate is large. On the contrary BN is better when the rate is large.

This study looks into the association between corporate characteristics and corporate socialesponsibility disclosure (CSRD) in annual reports of listed companies in Bangladesh. Seventy annual reports of nonfinancial companies for the year 2010 have been taken as sample to find the empirical result of this study. The study reports that the mean score of CSRD is five and 75 percent companies disclose 7 items voluntarily which is 20 percent of total disclose-able items. So, companies in general have not responded enough to disclose CSR items in the annual reports. The explanatoryariables total assets, profitability, MNC affiliation and listing age are insignificant factors for CSRD while market capitalization has statistically significant effect on CSRD. It is expected that the usefulness of this research work will be acknowledged by potential and present investors, stakeholders, policy makers, and regulatory bodies of the country.

Back ground : Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is characterized by excessive production of collagen leading to inelasticity of the oral mucosa and atrophic changes of the epithelium. Aim : Aim of the study is to clinically evaluate the efficacy of oral Pentoxifylline 400 mg tablets in comparison to intralesional injections of Dexamethasone (4mg/ml) and Hyaluronidase 1500 IU and 0.5 ml of Lignocaine 2% in the management of OSF patients. Methodology : The study population consisted of 40 male patients with OSF. Patients were divided into two groups. 20 patients are in pentoxifylline group and 20 patients in Dexamethasone group. Pentoxifylline Group received oral Pentoxifylline 400 mg tablets twice daily for first 4 weeks and thrice daily for next 8 weeks. Dexamethasone Group received biweekly intralesional injections of Dexamethasone (4mg/ml), Hyaluronidase 1500 IU and 0.5 ml of Lignocaine 2% for a period of 12 weeks. Parameters taken in the study were burning sensation, mouth opening, tongue protrusion and cheek flexibility.

Estate management as a course is still a very young course in Nigeria compared to courses such as Law, Medicine and Engineering amongst others. The study looked at the variables that influence students choice of career path as it has to do with Estate Management. Graduating students and those who just graduated from the school were adopted as the population sample for the study. Structured questionnaires were analyzed and the simple descriptive statistics were used for the study. The outcome of the study shows that the students are fully aware of the course before they applied to study it and have no regrets choosing a career in estate management. It recommends that more orientation should be given to students in the choice of their career at an early stage before coming to university.

A priori estimates of the differences of solutions of non-local and local problems for heat equations are established. Using them prove continuous dependence of solutions of nonlocal problems as nonlocal boundary conditions pass into local ones.

The purpose of this paper is to study epigroups admitting a decomposition into a semilattice of σn –simple semigroups. We give further remark on semilattice decompositions of epigroups and characterize them by using some relations, ideals on/of S and certain special elements in S.

It is very complex to write programs that behave accurately in the program verification tools. Automatic mining techniques suffer from 90–99% false positive rates, because manual specification writing is not easy. Because they can help with program testing, optimization, refactoring, documentation, and most importantly, debugging and repair. To concentrate on this problem, we propose to augment a temporal-property miner by incorporating code quality metrics. We measure code quality by extracting additional information from the software engineering process, and using information from code that is more probable to be correct as well as code that is less probable to be correct. When used as a preprocessing step for an existing specification miner, our technique identifies which input is most suggestive of correct program behaviour, which allows off-the-shelf techniques to learn the same number of specifications using only 45% of their original input.

Broadband wireless networks are considered to be enterprise-level networks providing more capacity and coverage. Wireless networking has offered an alternative solution to the problem of information access in remote inaccessible areas where wired networks are not cost effective. They have changed the way people communicate and share information by eliminating worrisome factors of distance and location. This paper provides a technical analysis of alternatives for implementing last-mile wireless broadband services. It provides detailed technical differences between 802.11 (Wi-FI) wireless networks with 802.16 (WiMAX), a new technology that solves many of the difficulties in last-mile implementations.