Increased environmental concerns and depletion of fossil fuel resources necessitates the search for a viable alternative fuel for diesel engine. Bio-fuels are renewable, can supplement fossil fuel, reduce green house gas emissions and mitigate their adverse effects on the climate changes resulting from global warming. However, further reduction in engine emission becomes one of major tasks in engine development. One promising approach to solve this problem is to add the oxygenated fuels in biodiesel. Biodiesel commands crucial advantages such as technical feasibility of blending in any ratio with petroleum diesel fuel. Superiority from the environment and emission front, its capacity to provide energy security to remote and rural areas and employment generation. In this paper, the investigation is made with addition of biodiesel in different proportion and effect on engine performance and emissions were computed. The emission is found to be reduced considerably while the engine performance is also improved marginally.

Tissue pieces of jejunum and ileum from different prenatal and postnatal age groups of sheep were collected from Corporation slaughter house, Perambur, Chennai. The goblet cells in the villous epithelium were positive for Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) but the negative reaction was observed in the follicle-associated epithelium as the goblet cells were absent. The follicleassociated epithelium showed positive activity for the alkaline phosphatase. The activity was more intense over the follicle domes in all the prenatal and postnatal age groups. An intense acid phosphatase activity was observed in the follicle-associated epithelium and dome areas of Peyer’s patches. A linear activity of the adenosine triphosphatase was observed in the capsule of the ileal follicles and a mild enzyme activity was noticed in the interfollicular region. A reticular pattern of 5’nucleotidase enzyme activity was observed in the follicles of ileal Peyer’s patch.

Wimax networks are increasingly deployed for commercial use because of its high bandwidth. This has necessitated application level changes in QoS provisioning techniques. In this paper, we propose an efficient method at the application layer of the wimax architecture. The video stream is partitioned at the application layer into I, P and B frames. Frames corrupted at receiver are detected using negative acknowledgements received from the physical layer. Probability of Byte Loss (BL) is calculated at physical layer which is used to calculate the redundant data. Redundant data is communicated from PHY layer to application layer via link layer using cross-layer signalling mechanism. Redundant data is piggybacked into the subsequent frame and sent only if BL is less than 0.2. This technique has improved the throughput of the network considerably which is evident from the performance analysis.

Water soluble compoundes were attached to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) to form watersoluble nano dyes. functionalized SWNTs were then characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV analysis. The product can be dissolved in water and High-resolution transmission electron microscope images showed that the SWNTs were efficiently functionalized, thus the p-stacking interaction between aromatic rings and COOH of SWNTs was considered responsible for the high solubility and High transmission electron in singlewall nanotubes.

The soft mode dynamical model has been used to study the dielectric properties of order-disorder-type crystals. Using the model Hamiltonian proposed by Blinc [Advances in Phys, 29 (1972) 701] and has been modified by Bist et al [GJSFR,10,18(2010)], the expressions for the dielectric constant and tangent loss have been derived and discussed for order-disorder, KH2PO4 type-crystals with the help of double time temperature dependent Green’s function techniques and Dyson’s equation treatment. Using appropriate parameters given by Ganguli et al [Phys Rev. B21, 2937 (1980)] the transverse dielectric constant and observed dielectric constant have been calculated and compared with experimental results of Raman Intensity[Ferroelectrics 52, 91 (1983)], Busch [Helv. Phys. Acta. 11, 265 (1938)], Kaminow et al [Phys. Rev. 138A, 1539 (1963)], and Deguchi et al [J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 49, 1887 (1980)]. The observed dielectric constant explains the Curie-Weiss behaviour of dielectric constant along the c-axis of KH2PO4 crystal in the paraelectric phase. Also the temperature dependence of tangent loss in paraelectric phase for KH2PO4 at 9.2 GHz for field along the a-axis, and the c-axis have been calculated and compared with experimental results of Kaminow et al [Phys. Rev. 138A, 1539 (1963)]. It is observed that these results are in good agreement with each other and with the results obtained by other methods. At higher temperature the loss deviates from the Curie-Weiss type behaviour and increases linearly with temperature. This behaviour suggests that at higher temperatures the phonon anharmonicity contributes significantly in the observed loss.

Iran is the biggest producer of natural gas. The most significant energy development project in Iran is South Pars field which is the biggest natural gas field of world. Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is a famous model for measuring relation between risk and return. In this paper we extract systematic risk ( β ) of South Pars project which cannot be diversified away.

This paper examines the effect of marketing strategies on banks performance in the Nigeria consolidated industry using fifteen of the twenty consolidated banks in Nigeria. Qualitative data were sourced through the administration of structure questionnaire while the quantitative data were sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria publications and the Nigerian Stock Exchange fact book. The quantitative data were transformed to quantitative data with the use of Likert scale. The Ordinary Least Square estimation technique was employed for analysis while the Marketing Efficiency Model Approach was adopted and modified to suit the Nigerian context. The findings in this study shows an overall significance of the marketing variables adopted, although not much effect is seen when a marketing variable is compared with bank performance in isolation of other variables. The coefficient of multiple determinations of about 71% and 56% for the models formulated showed that the explanatory variables reasonably explained the behavior of the explained variables; the F-statistic results revealed that both models were adequate and significant. It was recommended among others that Banks should embark from time to time on marketing research and should compare the different marketing techniques to access the success and the failure of such strategies in the industry. Apart from these, banks are also encouraged to be more customers-focused and embrace relationship marketing rather than transaction marketing as well as embark on effective management of depositors’ funds.

Now a day the mothers are not only restricted their involvement on domestic chores, procreation of children and their nurturing with family care and attention. A significant number of mothers are working and they are maintaining their dual of as employee and household keeper with financial assistance to their families. The working mothers are mostly in anxiety and depression regarding their method of child care as they are absentees for a long time. The present study had been conducted to find out the differences in degree of felt depression and anxiety pattern of working & non-working mothers. A total of 60 mothers (30 working mothers , 30 nonworking mothers) were studied. The result showed that there were significant differences in degree of depression & both anxiety of working mothers’ group. But no significant difference was noticed in case of anxiety & depression pattern of non-working mothers’ group.

Alot of species of ants have a trail-laying/trailfollowing behavior when foraging. While moving, individual ants deposit on the ground a volatile chemical substance called pheromone, forming in this way pheromone trails. Ants can smell pheromone and, when choosing their way, they tend to choose, in probability, the paths marked by stronger pheromone concentrations. In this way they create a sort of attractive potential field, the pheromone trails allows the ants to find their way back to food sources (or to the nest). Also, they can be used by other ants to find the location of the food sources discovered by their nest mates.

In this paper we define those mathematical notions and terms that are useful about ACO and the relationships between ACO and other frameworks for optimization and control. This chapter defines and discusses the characteristics of: (i) the combinatorial optimization problems addressed by ACO, (ii) construction heuristics for combinatorial problems, (iii) the equivalence between solution construction and sequential decision process (iv) the graphical tools (state graph and construction graph) that can be used to represent and reason on the structure and dynamics of construction processes.