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The elastomeric O-ring gaskets are often used in pressurized hydraulic and pneumatic equipments to ensure their sealing. The quality of the O-ring is measured by achieving the desired tightness level. The satisfaction level of practical operation depends on the consistency of long-terms mechanical properties located during the useful life and on the conditions of assembly installation and the O-ring location. Indeed, the gasket is pressed on flat faces or housed in specially arranged grooves for which the dimensions influence greatly the assembly behavior. In this article, an axisymmetric finite element model is proposed to simulate the O-ring relaxation behaviour during the few first days of its installation in both the unrestrained and restrained radial and axial loading cases. The contact stress profiles and the peak contact stresses are determined versus the time relaxation in order to specify the working conditions thresholds.
This paper presents the supersonic combustion of hydrogen using ramp based injector with two-dimensional turbulent non-premixed combustion model. The present model is based on the standard k-epsilon (two equations) with standard wall functions which is P1 radiation model. In this process, a PDF (Probability Density Function) approach is created and this method needs solution to a high dimensional PDF transport equation. As the combustion of hydrogen fuel is injected from the ramp based injector, it is successfully used to model the turbulent reacting flow field. It is observed from the present work that, the maximum temperature occurred in the recirculation areas which is produced due to shock wave-expansion and the fuel jet losses concentration and after passing successively through such areas, temperature decreased slightly along the axis. From the maximum mass fraction of OH, it is observed that there is very little amount of OH around 0.013 were found out after combustion. By providing ramp, expansion wave is created which cause the proper mixing between the fuels and air which results in complete combustion.
The concept of an e-government system is to provide access to government services anywhere at any time over open networks. This leads to issues of security and privacy in the management of the information systems. Ensuring security of e-government applications and infrastructures is crucial to maintain trust among various departments to store, process and exchange information over the e-government systems. Due to dynamic and continuous threats on e-government information security, policy makers need to perform evaluation on existing information security strategy as to deliver trusted and confidence e-government services. This paper presents an information security evaluation framework based on fuzzy logic techniques to help policy makers conduct comprehensive assessment of egovernment security strategy.
The rise of economic globalization and evolution of information technology, financial data are being generated and accumulated at an extraordinary speed. As a result, there has been a critical need for automated approaches to effective and efficient utilization of massive amount of financial data to support companies and individuals in strategic planning and investment decision-making. The competitive advantages achieved by data mining include increased revenue, reduced cost, and much improved marketplace responsiveness and awareness. There has been a large body of research and practice focusing on exploring data mining techniques to solve financial problems. This paper describes data mining in the context of financial application from both technical and application perspective by comparing different data mining techniques.
The current research study tests the CAPM, (Capital Asset Pricing Model) in Pakistan’s stock market, Karachi Stock Exchange KSE. Capital Asset Pricing Model explains the links present between risk and return in efficient markets. Therefore the current study has focused on the calculation of Beta of ten companies registered on KSE, and actual and expected returns have been compared. The data analysis revealed the limited applicability of CAPM to the KSE, 100-index. Further studies may be conducted to check the applicability of the model, by taking a large sample of companies, especially in Pakistani stock exchanges.
In the universe that we live, in we are surrounded by trees, plants, animals, our human beings, oxygen and various other gases that make up the atmosphere. The Milky Way of the universe comprises planets, the moon, and the sun; which is a star like the other stars in the universe. This article looks at the stars within our universe and serves to inform and emphasise their role and formation to, astronomists, astrophysicists, cosmologists and, the general reader who are interested to know more about the cosmology of the stars.
The use of mathematics in everyday life often goes unnoticed by the person who exploits mathematics and also by the person who associates with the person who exploits mathematics. This article looks at mathematics as a discipline and it serves to inform people, in general, about the importance of mathematics in the world we live in and how in many ways, human beings have contributed to its sophistication in the application and working worlds.
The aim of this article is to get the A study to point towards role of packaging on consumer buying behavior. The basic purpose of this it is to find out how such factors are behind the success of packaging. The purpose of this research is to know the relationship between independent variable and dependent variables. The research is based in Patan District of Gujarat (India). The packaging is the most important factor. The consumer buying behavior is dependent on the packaging and on its features. Packaging elements like Packaging color. Background Image, Packaging Material, Font Style, Design of wrapper, Printed Information and Innovation is taken as predictors. Due to increasing self-service and changing consumers’ lifestyle the interest in package as a tool of sales promotion and stimulator of impulsive buying behavior is growing increasingly. So package performs an important role in marketing communications, especially in the point of sale and could be treated as one of the most important factors influencing consumer’s purchase decision.
This paper is about the importance of Paper and Board industry in Pakistan Economy during 2001 to 2010. The idea was to reinforce the importance of this industry and its ways of working and to find out steps to improve its performance in Pakistan. All they want of this study is due to its economical scope for that purpose this paper work out on their Paid-up-Capital; Total numbers of Shares and Equity will explain the variation in the Sales and for Total Assets of Paper and Board Industry. Change in Sales and Profits from year 2001 to 2010 are easily described with graphical representation.
Background : Inflammation has been recognised as a critical contributor to retinal capillary closure, one of the main pathogenic event in diabetic retinopathy. The relationship between acute phase markers of inflammation and diabetic retinopathy was studied. Materials and Methods : 60 Type 2 Diabetes patients attending OPD/IPD of Tertiary care hospital were included. They were divided into three groups of 20 each. Group I: without retinopathy. GroupII: with non proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR). GroupIII: with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Results were compared with 20 normal controls. FBS, HbA1c, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin and CRP were analysed on auto analyzer Hitachi 911(Roche)..