The ultimate goal of any competition policy is to enhance consumer welfare, and it is not surprising that the South African competition policy is founded on the same principles. The South African Competition Act 89 of 1998 aims to promote the efficiency, adaptability and development of the economy, provide consumers with competitive prices and product choices, promote employment and advance the social and economic welfare of South Africans, expand opportunities for South African participation in world markets and recognise the role of foreign competition in the Republic as well as ensure that small and medium-sized enterprises have an equitable opportunity to participate in the economy and to promote a greater spread of ownership, in particular to increase the ownership stakes of historically disadvantaged persons. It is believed that through achieving these aims, consumer welfare in South Africa will be increased.

The constant clash between customary law and women’s rights continues to bedevil the desired development and protection of women’s rights in Africa. African women suffer injustices through restrictions imposed on them in the application of certain customary laws. Customary laws pertaining to marriage, property and succession are amongst the most restrictive and unjust in African customary law. Marriage laws that allow polygamy for example would be an impediment to principles of equality and would even pose health risks with the prevalence of HIV/AIDS, while customary laws that govern succession in many parts would discriminate unfairly between male and female heirs. This dissertation was prompted by issues raised in cases such as Bhe and Shilubana decided in the Constitutional Court of South Africa. In these landmark decisions, the Constitutional Court dealt with the development of customary law so as to align it with the spirit and purport of the Constitution, which is the supreme law in South Africa. The decisions of the above mentioned cases are of particular import to the essay because not only do they seek to advance women’s rights, they also recognise customary law as a cardinal source of law in South Africa. By so doing customary law is accorded its proper place in the South African legal context. The essay focuses on South Africa and the development of women’s rights against recognition and continued practice of customary law. A comparison between the recognition of customary law and development of women’s rights in other jurisdictions, particularly Ghana, Zambia and Zimbabwe and that of South Africa will be made. In as much as South Africa is more progressive in terms of the Constitution, the question still remains whether customary law and certain customary law practices do not undermine or circumvent the ideals of the Constitution.

Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare epidermal growth factor (EGF) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with gingivitis and advanced periodontitis. Study design: Department of Periodontics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, between March 2012 and August 2013. Materials and methods: In the present cross-sectional/ analytical study EGF levels were evaluated in the GCF samples of patients with gingivitis and advanced periodontitis. The subjects consisted of 11 and 13 patients with advanced periodontitis and gingivitis, respectively. Whatman absorbent papers, placed in a depth of 1 mm in the pocket for 1 minute, were used to collect GCF samples, which were evaluated by ELISA for EGF concentrations. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0. Independent t-test was used for comparison of EGF levels in the GCF samples of patients. Statistical significance was defined at P<.05. Correlation between clinical parameters and EGF concentrations was analyzed using Spearman rho test. Stastistical significance was se to P<.01.

IEEE 802.11 WLAN provides multimedia services like live telecast, video streaming, video conferencing, Voice over IP (VoIP) to its users. For deployment of these fast real time services, it needs stringent Quality of service (QoS) requirement such as delay time less than 150ms for VoIP, and packet loss rate of 1%. The mobility service for users come with cost of handoff process required when mobile stations get connected from 1 Access point (AP) to another for continuous service. In existing 802.11 IEEE handoff procedure, the scanning phase can exceed duration of 200ms and packet loss can exceed 10%. Thus, proposed methodology focuses on achieving reduced overall handoff latency by implementing handoff delay duration less than 150ms which is the need for seamless service in IEEE 802.11 WLAN.

With ever increasing complexities and associated dangers of Industrial processes and activities, a major endeavor have been focused in automating the industrial process and activities and reduce human interactions and thus eradicating the associated dangers. Ever since, a heuristic effort have been concentrated in replacing human with robots due to their ability to perform tasks repeatedly, quickly, accurately and without fatigue. Autonomous Mobile Robots, for a long time, have remained in the spotlight of researches due to its potentials in multifunctional applications and its suitability in such industrial applications. However, the key features like path planning and motion planning of Autonomous Mobile Robots needs to have further development before they can be effectively and successfully used in highly dynamic environments, such as, Industrial Environments. This paper addresses the collision avoidance problem within Motion Planning and provides an innovative way, by implementing Human Perception using Fuzzy Inference System, for tackling this problem. The viability and acceptability of the design have been demonstrated by carrying out MATLAB simulations in 2D environments. And to verify the credibility, simulation results have been provided which further ensures the design meets its desired goals.

India is the second largest in major sugar producing countries after Brazil. Due to that there is increase in bagasse as a by product from the sugar mill. Bagasse is the fibrous residue of sugar cane after crushing and extraction of juice. Sugar cane bagasse ash is the waste product of the combustion of bagasse for energy in sugar factories. Sugar cane bagasse ash is disposed of in landfills and is now becoming an environmental burden. In this experimental research work concrete cubes, beams and cylinders of M25 grade were casted and tested to examine various properties of concrete like workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and flexural strength. Sugar cane bagasse ash was partially replaced with cement at 2, 4, 6 and 8 % by weight of cement in concrete. From the results we can conclude that optimum amount of sugar cane bagasse ash that can be replaced with cement is 6% by weight without any admixture.

Since the creation of United Nations, the ICJ, popularly known as the World Court, has brought and boosted a positive spirit in international law by infusing the basic ideologies and fundamental principles courtesy its various pronouncements which are slowly transforming in the customary rules of international law. ICJ, since its inception albeit by adhering to some limitations, has done wonders to instill faith of States in international law. However, ICJ is affected by a serious problem for the enforcement of its judgment besides the compulsory jurisdiction issues. The Security Council, the enforcement wing of the UN is the catalyst body to express and execute the will and desires of some States. This paper shall scrutinize the unique relationship that both of these organs of the UN shares. It also highlights the problems and prospects relating to the implementation of ICJ’s decisions and the crucial role, sometimes even overlapping, of the Security Council.

Tuberculosis (TB) is the main cause of morbidity in modern era and a latent infection affecting nearly one third of world’s population including forty percent from India. There is an urgent need to explore the effective and promising new anti– tubercular drugs to combat against Tuberculosis. Nature provides diverse secondary metabolites with anti- tubercular activity in medicinal plants. Among them Allium cepa (onion)., contains various constituents like quercetin, fructose, quercetin-3-glucoside, isorhamnetin-4-glucoside, xylose, galactose, glucose, mannose, organosulfur compounds, allylsulfides, flavonoids, flavenols, S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxides, cycloalliin, selenium, thiosulfinates, and sulfur and seleno compounds that have proved to have protective role in tuberculosis. Allium cepa (onion) possesses antibiotic activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and can be used to prevent tuberculosis most effectively.

The antiperspirating agents are the daily household products used globally by both the genders to minimize excessive sweating. Approximately about 90% of U.S population regularly uses antiperspirants. The most consistently used components since the commercial introduction of antiperspirants in 1903 are the aluminium salts. Aluminium chloride is used as a catalyst in the process of Friedel Crafts. It is a salt of aluminium and chloride. It is widely used in the manufacturing of many petrochemicals, in the manufacturing pharmaceuticals, dyes intermediates and other organic chemicals, in the production of rubber; lubricants and wood preservatives, and in cosmetics as an astringent; active ingredient in antiperspirants.

The ecotourism of Taman Eden 100 Lumban Julu Indonesia is the conservation area that is used by the stakeholder and also join to keep the consistency of nature in the area of the conservation. It has the nature potency like flora, fauna, and its nature has its own beauty to be very potensial to explore. The analysis of the net balance can be stated that the location conformity with the tourism activity value very positive feedback which amounted to 82.40% of respondents received positive support from respondents, however 11:28% of respondents have also stated to bad doubt. The existence of the object of ecotourism Garden of Eden 100 to be accepted by society as a customs received positive support from respondents of 74.43%, but 25.12% of respondents there is also undecided. The climate of the Taman eden in rainy day have an effect to the coming of the people there, but the location of Taman Eden100 is strategic enough and has positiveres ponds. The ecotourism of Taman Eden hasn’t taken a part yet in the development of the economy of local society there.