All the institutions which share a commitment to serving clients with low-incomes that have been excluded from the formal banking sector are part of the microfinance industry. The Consultative Group to Assist the Poorest (the apex association of international donors who support microfinance) regards microfinance as “a powerful tool to fight poverty” that can help poor people to “raise income, build their assets, and cushion themselves against external shocks”. Microfinance institutions (MFIs) have reached well over 100 million clients and achieved impressive repayment rates on loans. Because of the increase in the scale of operations, the concept and practice of microfinance have changed dramatically over the last decade and the microfinance is increasingly adopting a financial systems approach, either by operating on commercial lines or by systematically reducing reliance on interest rate subsidies and/or aid agency financial support. The objective of this paper is to identify the need of a support system for MFIs, select a domain for developing one such system and suggest an approach to develop the system. The paper introduces the reader to three terms ‘Microfinance’, ‘Cash Management’ and ‘Decision Support System’. This introduction is necessary as Microfinance is the chosen sector where the need for such a system is identified. Cash management is the chosen domain for which this system will be used. Decision support system is a technology which is used in different industries to develop such a system. The paper further defines the methodology for developing such a system. This methodology describes the tools and techniques which will be used to achieve the goal.

Scheduling is an important tool for manufacturing and engineering, where it can have a major impact on the productivity of a process. In this paper, we use flow shop scheduling in KCCL (Kohinoor Chemical Company Limited) & find out the optimum policy in scheduling operating several machines to produce soap & to reduce idle time of machines. Considering different type of machine that also absorbs different production time. The industry tries to identify their idle time & best presidential relationship between the machines. We use Johnson’s scheduling algorithm & a numerical output is achieved.

Background: Radiology plays an important role in human age determination. Radiological images are utilized in the process of age estimation. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of Orthopantomgraphs (OPGs) in the assessment of the Sudanese adult age compared to chronological age. Materials and Methods: The study was obtained in Mursi Medical Center from the period of January to August 2011. The OPGs of 99 Sudanese individuals of both gender (49male and50 female) with known chronological age, ranging from 15 to 30 years, were selected .The pulp –root length ,root length, pulp/root ratio , total tooth length ,crown length of the mandibular canine were measured in mm and the estimated age was recorded using the mandibuler canine measuremen ts. Patients were classified into three groups ,A was of age <20 years old ,B was of 20 to 27 and C was of age >27. Results: the estimated age in A and C groups were well correlated with the chronological age in both genders and no significant difference was detected, but in B group there is a significant difference between the estimated and chronological age and between males and females measurements. Mandibular canine measurements can be used significantly in ages < 20and > 27, but cannot give the exact age for ages between 20 to 27 for Sudanese adult subjects.

This research set outs to explore the exact level of the social aspect of integration between Kristang people and their Malay counterparts in Malaysia. It was sure that integration in social aspect is a dilemma which Kristang people face when they interact with Malays as a dominant ethnic group. It suggests that when the process of interaction, their behavior changes in line with the identity of the Malays. This is because the majority influenced the minority in the Malaysian context. Whilst they are welcomed by their Malay counterparts, it is nevertheless hypothesized that they may not assimilate fully into the Malay community.

This case presentation describes a 19 years old female presenting with episodes of abnormal behavior in the form of singing and dancing. We assessed her mental and physical status as well as fully investigating her condition. She was diagnosed as Frontal lobe epilepsy and had shown good response to Lamotrigine.

In this article compared the utilization of various types of development inputs among the Lodha community (a scheduled tribe) in three administrative blocks of Paschim (west) Medinipur district of West Bengal. The study identified landlessness and poverty as major constraints in implementing developmental programmes among the Lodhas. Distribution of patta land to landless Lodha families by the Government was not done appropriately. No proper planning for developmental inputs like housing scheme (under IAY) was done. In addition, the gadgets like solar cells distributed to the poor and landless Lodha families were not used. Many of them sold the solar cells to the wealthy neighbours. Under this above scenario we compared the utilization of development inputs in the three blocks. In this study I have found that three major development inputs like patta, house and solar cells are lies very worst scenario both in terms of patta and solar cell distribution and its utilisation by the beneficiary families in Binpur-II block. The development assistance given in the form of high technology solar cells revealed a grim scenario both at Binpur II and Nayagram blocks while the Solar cell has not been given to the Lodha families of Narayangarh block. But the beneficiaries of Narayangarh block showed the overall best performance towards the utilisation of other development keys was found to be fairly well. The study revealed that the utilization of development inputs depended on policy and planning as well as social and political factors. Finally, some recommendations are advanced for better implantation of development inputs among this marginalized community of West Bengal.

The paper discussed organizational culture and employees’ performance in the National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC), Nigeria. It views organizational culture as shared values, beliefs and norms that influence the way employees think, feel and behave in the workplace. It assumes that a positive organizational culture will enhance employees’ performance. The research question adderssed the extent of the relationship between organizational culture and increased employees commitment/ productivity in NAFDAC. The place of study consists of the 6 zonal and 36 state offices of NAFDAC in Nigeria while the duration of study is between February 2013 and January 2014.A descriptive research design was used in executing the study using 420(judgmentally determined) randomly selected NAFDAC employees from its zonal/state offices in Nigeria for questionnaire administration. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results from the data analysis indicated that significant relationship exists between organizational culture and increased employees commitment/productivity in NAFDAC and recommends among others: continuous staff training, increased government funding, continuous improvement of employees’ condition of service, continuous improvement of employees’ condition of service, sustenance of the prevailing organizational culture of decentralization and current team building efforts.

Universities’ competition for talented applicants is tightening and many universities have to think about methods to increase their attractiveness in the eyes of students. Smooth study processes are important not only for the continuity of the university but also for the student’s well-being and employment after studies. Certain university-level measures can enhance this process, although they alone do not guarantee swift graduation. In this study, student tutors (N=82) from the university of Lapland talked about the factors enhancing study processes from their points of view. The data were combined into one narrative that crystallizes the happy and smooth study process called “the ideal study process”.

This paper studies a few interesting properties of the rising sun function of a bounded real function defined on a closed and bounded interval on the real line. An operator on the space of all bounded real functions defined on a closed and bounded interval is introduced and its properties are investigated.

This study sought to determine the solution to cholera outbreak in the challenging environment in Nigeria. More than 100,000 people die from the disease every year, with the majority of cases in Sub-Saharan Africa.[1] It is estimated that cholera affects 3-5 million people worldwide[1], and causes 100,000-130,000 deaths a year as of 2010.[2] This occurs mainly in the developing world and Nigeria happens to be one of such developing countries.[2] More than 100,000 people die from the disease every year, with the majority of cases in Sub-Saharan Africa.[1] Although cholera may be lifethreatening, prevention of the disease is normally straightforward if proper sanitation practices are followed. Effective sanitation practices, if instituted and adhered to. In- Depth Interview (IDI) guide was developed. This instrument is in four sections which captured the following topics; excreta disposal facilities preference for safe excreta facility and excreta disposal and sanitation challenging. The team paid a visit to, two states namely Sokoto and Kebbi States due to the peculiarity of these environments. In each state, 2 L.G.A were visited in both urban and rural areas which 4 communities were selected based on the socio-economic status of the residents. 10 respondents were interviewed per community being carefully selected among the stakeholders at local level. The study discovered that, the rocky topographical structure, loose soil texture, heavy rainfall and poor drainage which causes flooding and pollution of water surfaces like Rivers and Lake which also, serves as their source of drinking water.The study reveals the correlation between cholera and contaminated drinking water. Further findings, in this study shows that most of the mass hospitalization and disease out break that occurred in recent time, in the area visited; were as a result of poor sanitation, pollution of the environments, water surfaces with excreta, open defecation and flooding of soak away. In conclusi