The main aim of the present paper is to compute a summation formula in the light of recurrence relation and contiguous relation.

The aim of this research is to investigate the relationships among service quality, satisfaction, and customer loyalty in a department store context. The sample consisted of 198 respondents who had visited the Department store of Hypermart in Bangkalan Town Square. A structured questionnaire, with a five-point Likert scale, was used. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used to analyse the casual relationships between service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty and to evaluate the hypotheses regarding relationships among model constructs. All the hypotheses developed in the study were positively confirmed, reinforcing the theory and previous research on this field. The study also reveals interesting implications in service quality, satisfaction, and customer loyalty, useful to academics and practitioners. Managers will find this research helpful in better understanding these variables and their roles on their bussiness’ performance. This study could not be generalized widely to other locations or countries. In conclusion is that service quality had the highest correlation with customer satisfaction, but the other independent variables also significantly influence customer loyalty within an department store environment. The implication is that department store need to focus on service quality in order to improve customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The limitations and recommendations for future research were also included in this study.

Today, because of the vulnerability of standard authentication system, law-breaking has accumulated within the past few years. Identity authentication that relies on biometric feature like face, iris, voice, hand pure mathematics, handwriting, retina, fingerprints will considerably decrease the fraud. so that they square measure being replaced by identity verification mechanisms. Among bioscience, fingerprint systems are one amongst most generally researched and used. it's fashionable due to their easy accessibility. during this paper we tend to discuss the elaborated study of various gift implementation define strategies together with their comparative measures and result analysis thus as realize a brand new constructive technique for fingerprint recognition.

New measurement method for soil surface profile has been described in this study. This method includes new designed soil profile meter, digital imaging equipment and image tracking & analysis software. Using such modified soil profile meter can help to observe and measure changes occur in irrigation channels, small ditches and to quantify changes at specific cross sections within soil furrows. By using image processing and tracking system we can trace marked points in fixed level of meter pins, these points have vertical displacements and vary according to existing profiles and cross-sectional shape in different locations, which give us ability to record presented form of different profiles. The modified profile meter used to measure and track changes in different profiles; two types of ditches and two types of furrow. The recorded profiles heights for different locations gave us perspicuous knowledge about the geometry of furrows and ditches shapes before and after seasonal irrigation process. The differences in measurements for same locations and sites have been noted. Designed soil profile meter successfully demonstrated changes in profiles pattern due to surface irrigation erosion in term of height variations, for shallow and wide ditches, the differences in measured heights by soil profile meter after and before the irrigation generally ranged from 0 to 11 mm, while in deep ditches, differences in heights ranged from 0 to 44 mm. With ridge profiles, soil profile meter tracked variation in measured heights from 0 to 13.88 %, also, high percentage of variation obtained by studying flat top bed furrow changes, the largest percentage was 17.1 % at beginning of the furrow line. This clarifies the ability to track and record erosion effect in different furrows and ditches by using soil profile meter as a part of used image processing and tracking system.

This study investigated the implementation of Open University Programmes in Nigeria. The researchers generated 4 research questions and 4 null hypotheses guiding the study. A questionnaire was the major instrument used for data collection. 1,424 undergraduate and postgraduate students representing 40% of the total population of study selected using stratified random sampling technique. The study used a descriptive and inferential statistics. Data collected were converted to means and further subjected to z-test. The z-test was used to test the 4 null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The study amongst other things found out that there were significant differences between the undergraduate and postgraduate students of National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN) programmes in their perception of the following: adequacy of infrastructures and other learning materials, quality of academic staff, effectiveness of instructional delivery and adequacy of research grants for effective implementation of NOUN programmes in Nigeria.

Non-response rates in surveys have been recognized as important indicators of data quality since they introduce bias in the estimates which increases the mean square error. In order to reduce this error, previous studies have examined the effects of response predictors on response rates. There is dearth of information about models which focus on the interaction effects of response predictors on response rates. The study was therefore designed to develop and validate a model which would reduce non-response and achieve optimum response by the introduction of interaction effects of the response predictors that have been broken down into levels. A two-stage stratified random sampling scheme was used in selecting 750 households in Oyo town. Households were interviewed in five waves. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on demographic characteristics and response predictors including age, gender, educational qualification, religion, employment status, family size, and duration of interview. Demographic characteristics were analyzed using summary statistics. Incidence Rate Ratio was used to examine the response rate at various levels of response predictors. Odd ratio was used to examine the relationship between response rate and each of the response predictors. A model was developed by breaking the predictors of response into levels and their interaction effects were introduced into Denise and Lan model. The respondents’ mean age and modal family size were 51.8 6.9 and 3 respectively, 64.8% were females, 52.8% were muslims and majority (88.9%) were employed. The family size, duration of interview, education, number of visit, Language of interview, familiarity, gender, house ownership, Nationality and duration of residence in a community are positively related to the response rate. Age is negatively related to the response rate and there is no association between employment status and response rate. The developed model showed that family size

Abstract - The financial system of any economy is seen to be divided between the financial intermediaries (banks, insurance companies and pension funds) and the markets (bond and stock markets). This study was designed to look at the behavior of stock price of Nigerian Breweries Plc with passage of time and to fit Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Filter for the prediction of stock price of the Nigerian Breweries Plc. The data were collected from Nigerian Stock exchange and Central Securities Clearing System (CSCS).Time plot was used to detect the presence of time series components in the daily stock prices of Nigerian breweries from 2008 to 2012 and to check if the series is stationary. The structure of dependency was measured by using autoovariance, the auto-correlation and partial autocorrelation. An autoregressive model and moving average model were fitted to stationary series to predict the future stock prices. Alkaike Information Criteria (AIC) was used to determine the order of the fitted autoregressive model. Diagnostic checks were carried out to assess the fit of the fitted autoregressive model. The time plot showed an irregular upward trend. A first difference of the non stationary series made the series stationary. The plots of the Autocorrelation and Partial Autocorrelation showed that stationary has been introduced into the original non-stationary series in which most of the Plotted points decaying to zero sharply. The plot of Akaike Information Criterion showed that the order of the fitted autoregressive model was 8. The ARIMA model diagnostic check showed that the fitted ARIMA model had a reasonable fit for the original series. Predicted stock price ranges from 138.66 to 141.49.

The paper justifies the establishment of entrepreneurship development centres in Nigerian Universities by showing the relevance of entrepreneurship development programme on overall national development of the country. And then focuses on liquidity constraints which fresh graduate entrepreneurs may likely face in an attempt to establish small businesses of their own, after acquiring entrepreneurship training as part of their overall university training. The paper reiterates the importance of financial market development and personal wealth in driving entrepreneurship in a country. It contends that fresh graduate entrepreneurs cannot escape from liquidity constraints in entrepreneurial financing, due largely to the high level of poverty and the underdeveloped nature of the financial market in Nigeria. For the objective of the entrepreneurship development programme to be achieved, the paper recommends that fresh graduate entrepreneurs and indeed startups should possess five strong-will- powers such as mind power, planning power, people power, knowledge power and gearing power. In addition and more importantly, the government should carry out more vigorous reform in the financial market with a view to bringing it to international standards and also establish a special financial institution solely responsible for giving grants to fresh graduates after their National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) year, to start businesses of their choice.

Aim: Sore throat is a symptom developes by inflammation of pharynx, tonsilla and nasopharynx. In this survey, we investigate, patients’ beliefs and attitudes towards receiving prescription for sore throat in a primary care center. Materials and Methods: We enrolled 300 patients attending to two family medicine centers in Afyon and in Adana, for sore throat between 1.12.2012 and 31.12.2012. All participants were informed about the content of the survey; and after obtaining concent of the survey, questionnaire with 8 questions were given. Results: We enrolled eligible 173 female (57,7%), 127 male (42,3%) patients attended to primary care. 179 patients(59.7%) found antibiotics beneficial in every sore throat, 172 patients(57.3 %) found gargles/mouthwashes and sprays beneficial in every sore throat. Question 3 was looking for an answer to “Even though your doctors advice you not to use, in which conditions you would like to use antibiotics?”.136(45.4%) patients notice complete thrust in their phsician answer as “I do not use antibiotics if doctors find it inappropriate”. Excessive fatigue ( n=56, 18.7% ), fever ( n=38, 12.7% ), cough( n=23, 7.7% ), sputum( n=17, 5.7% ), sore throat ( n=16, 5.3% ), inflammation( n=8, 2.7% ), if I have to( n=6, 2% ) were the other answers. 228 patients (76 %) found doctors’ prescription af antibiotics appropriate, 233 patients (77.7 %) found doctors’ prescription of gargles/mouthwashes and sprays as appropriate.

Value Engineering is a systematic method to improve the value by examining different nctions.”Value“as defined is the ratio of function to cost. Value can therefore be increased by either improving the functions or reducing the cost by saving. The difference between the function-cost and function-worth indicates the measure of the potential for cost saving through Value Engineering. Construction Cost Modeling (CCM) is a useful tool where the cost are disproportionately high when considering there function, use, necessity. Construction Cost Modeling is an advance sophisticated technique for Value Engineering in construction management, where it can lead to very substantial of large and complex construction whose cost are disproportionately high when considering there function ,use or necessity, are highest as ideal subjects for cost reduction efforts.